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種植支持式固定修復體兩種固位方式的研究進展

2016-02-17 22:51
中國醫藥導報 2016年21期
關鍵詞:植體基臺粘接劑

祝 潔 彭 靜

中國武警總醫院口腔科,北京100039

種植支持式固定修復體兩種固位方式的研究進展

祝 潔 彭 靜

中國武警總醫院口腔科,北京100039

種植支持式固定修復體的固位方式主要分為粘接固位與螺絲固位,學者們對于二者的選擇一直存有爭議,本文從這個問題出發,就其各自在種植修復體加工難易度及成本、修復體被動就位、取戴便利性、咬合負載應力、修復體固位力、美觀效果、對周圍組織健康的影響、種植體及修復體成功率八個方面,對最新研究進展做一綜述,以期為臨床應用提供參考。

粘接固位;螺絲固位;種植支持式;固定修復

種植支持式固定義齒的固位方式主要包括粘接固位與螺絲固位,學者們對于二者的選擇一直存有爭議。本文將從這個問題出發,就其各自臨床適用情況及優缺點的最新進展做一綜述。

1 修復體加工難易度及成本

由于可利用傳統修復技術和條件[1-2],所以粘接固位修復體的制作更簡單,但做美學區修復時,常需用螺絲固位式臨時修復體塑造個性化穿齦形態,同時借助它可獲得軟組織的精確復制,邊緣更密合[3]。在維護方面,螺絲固位可以用比粘接固位更少的時間[4-5]修理或更換修復體部件。但螺絲固位修復時需要額外的部件,通常在使用成本上會更高一些[6],所以一定要權衡好選擇螺絲固位增加的成本和可能破壞粘接式修復體的潛在成本。

2 修復體被動就位

獲得被動就位是保證長期種植修復、防止機械并發癥的先決條件。這或許是由于達到被動就位修復體不會在植體和骨之間產生不良應力,且能使固位螺絲完全發揮作用而把種植相關部件牢牢結合成一體[7],反之,可能會產生生物性或修復體方面的并發癥。

有研究中認為粘接固位比螺絲固位修復體更容易獲得被動就位[8-9],而大多數研究報道二者并無統計學差異[10-13]。此外,盡管受固位機制和潛在參數很小的影響,種植固定修復體應力的產生主要在于制作過程的精準度[14],由于加工設備內部固有誤差等因素,修復體幾乎不可能達到完全的被動就位[15]。

3 修復體取戴便利性

涉及多個種植體的螺絲固位修復體難免在制作中有一定程度形變,通常認為粘接固位補償了這種誤差,不過它不具備取戴上的便利性[16]。有學者為了兼顧二者的優點[17],進行了許多改良固位方式的嘗試,取得了不錯的效果。

與粘接固位相比,螺絲固位主要優點就是可預期的取戴便利性,這樣不必損壞修復體或固位裝置。因此,可隨時評估種植體和軟組織的情況,便于清除牙石、清理種植部件等。所以懸臂式和A11-On-4等全牙弓種植修復體最好使用螺絲固位[18]。

4 修復體咬合負載應力

有學者指出螺絲固位發生技術性并發癥和瓷崩裂的情況要比粘接固位高的多[19],在同樣咬合負載條件下,咬合面沒有螺絲通道孔的粘接固位可建立理想穩定的咬合接觸[2,9],修復體抗折裂強度顯著比有孔道的要大[20-21]。同時,螺絲孔道充填材料影響了咬合負載的方向,咬合力會被分散成側方力傳遞到植體上,而不是直接的軸向力[16]。而無論在軸向和斜向負載下,粘接固位種植支持式義齒呈現了更好的應力程度及分布[23]。

5 修復體固位力

對于粘接固位修復體,基臺的特性比如錐度、表面積和高度及粘接劑類型都可影響固位力[24-25]。根據Jorgensen對天然牙提出的理想錐度概念,許多生產商制作的基臺最大錐度為6°[26]。冠和基臺通常位于齦下2~3 mm,為確保固位力,基臺高度至少為5 mm[27]。所以當牙弓間距離受限,如小于4 mm時,建議用螺絲固位。選擇粘接劑時,應根據臨床患者情況及粘接劑性能[28-29],現有粘接系統均可獲得良好效果。有學者做了10~23年的追蹤,證實氧化鋅粘接劑可提供充足粘接力,且未發生種植體周圍炎[30]。

螺絲固位修復體的固位力由螺絲擰緊產生,所以環抱力不足、螺絲未擰到位、生物機械負載過重、非軸向力、基臺和修復體就位不良、種植體直徑等都會影響固位力大?。?1-33]。

6 修復體美觀效果

種植修復最終美觀效果很大程度上取決于種植體周圍軟硬組織余量、類型以及植體位置。受牙槽骨解剖條件限制,螺絲固位的孔道可能會暴露在美學區,此時通常使用粘接固位[35],如果要用螺絲固位,為讓螺絲孔遠離美學區需使用角度或定訂基臺[7],螺絲至少偏離種植體長軸17°來為固位螺絲留出足夠空間。在后牙區,復合樹脂等不透明材料的應用一定程度上改善了修復體的美觀。

7 對種植體周圍組織健康的影響

粘接劑殘留是粘接固位一個常見問題,這會造成軟組織炎癥及植體周圍骨吸收[6,37-38]。因此,戴冠后去除多余粘接劑至關重要。而螺絲固位由于存在微間隙,會有液體或細菌的侵入[39]。不僅如此,有學者在部分無牙頜患者中對比了兩種固位方式長期修復效果及并發癥,也發現在邊緣骨吸收和牙齦指數方面,粘接固位要更好一些[40]。但多數學者認為二者均無統計學差異[41-42]。

8 種植體及修復體成功率

許多因素影響著種植體及其修復體的成功,包括患者全身健康狀況、種植位點選擇、固位方式選擇、生物力學因素、咬合負載情況及口腔衛生維護等[43],固位方式選擇是一個重要方面,有許多學者通過長期隨機對照試驗或系統性綜述等對比了兩種修復體的成功率,多數認為二者并無統計學差異[44-48]。其中,Wittneben等[47]發現,盡管沒有統計學數據,但是總體來講,螺絲固位修復體在技術性或生物性并發癥方面略少一些。

9 小結

種植支持式固定修復體的兩種不同固位方式各有優缺點,醫師常根據臨床需要和自己的偏好來選擇,本文從不同角度客觀敘述了二者最新研究結果,但是對于兩種固位方式均可的情況下,其各自在不同方面的長期臨床效果及具有壓倒性優勢的選擇,目前仍缺乏足夠循證醫學的證據,對此仍需要進一步追蹤研究。

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Research progress on two ways of retention for implant-supported fixed prosthesis

ZHU JiePENG Jing
Department of Stomato1ogy,the Genera1 Hospita1 of Chinese Armed Po1ice Force,Beijing100039,China

There are two ways of retention for imp1ant-supported fixed prosthesis,inc1uding cemented and screwed retained prosthesis.It's a controversia1 issue that which way is better among scho1ars.This artic1e discusses the research progress on two ways of retention for imp1ant-supported fixed restoration from eight aspects,inc1uding processing difficu1ty and cost of imp1ant prosthesis,passive fit,retrievabi1ity,occ1usa1 1oad,retention of prosthesis,esthetics,effects on the surrounding tissues,success rate of imp1ant and prostheses,in order to provide a reference for c1inica1 app1ication.

Cemented retainde;Screwed retained;Imp1ant supported;Fixed prosthesis

R783.6

A

1673-7210(2016)07(c)-0086-04

2016-04-21本文編輯:程銘)

祝潔(1989.6-),女,碩士研究生,主要從事口腔醫學研究。

彭靜(1968.7-),男,博士,主要從事口腔醫學研究。

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