高考英語全國卷中細節概括題和細節推斷題例析

楊兵林

高考英語全國卷中，除在專門考查考生尋讀（scanning）能力的信息類文本中考查直接信息題外，其他細節題一般要求考生進行同義轉換，即選出與文中信息點的意思相同但表達方式不同的選項。但是，有的細節題并不只是要求考生進行簡單的轉換，而是要求考生對兩個或多個信息點進行概括或進行推斷，才可選出正確選項。

一、細節概括題

有時僅將同一句話中的兩個具體信息點概括起來，用一個抽象的詞來代替。

[例1]（2016年全國Ⅲ卷）

Bad news sells. If it bleeds， it leads. No news is good news， and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored （監控） in different ways， researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking peoples e-mails and online posts， scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.

32. What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to？

A. News reports. B. Research papers.

C. Private e-mails. D. Daily conversations.

解析：由第一段第二句Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers可知，“那些經典規則適用于晚上的廣播和早報?！逼渲?，“晚上的廣播和早報（the evening broadcasts and the morning papers）”概括地說，就是“新聞媒體”，其內容都是“新聞報道（News reports）”，故選A項。

選項B “研究論文”，選項C“私人郵件”，選項D“日常交談”均與此段內容無關，屬無中生有。只是命題人利用了該段出現的researchers讓選項B有一定迷感性，利用文中的peoples e-mails讓選項C具有迷感性。也可以說是斷章取義，僅借用原文中的一兩個單詞來表達與原文不同的意思。

有時會要求考生將幾句話或一個段話中的多個信息點進行概括。

[例2]（2017年全國Ⅲ卷）

The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations—major food sources （來源） for the wolf—grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation （植被）， which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves， coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the parks red foxes， and completely drove away the parks beavers.

30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about？

A. Damage to local ecology.

B. A decline in the parks income.

C. Preservation of vegetation.

D. An increase in the variety of animals.

解析：第一句告訴我們本段的主旨是談灰狼消失所帶來的意想不到的后果。什么后果？“鹿和麋鹿的數量——灰狼的主要食物——迅速增加。這些動物吃掉大量的植被，這就減少了園內植物的多樣性。沒有了灰狼，山狗也迅速增加，它們又吃掉大部分的紅狐，也把海貍全部趕走了?！备爬ㄆ饋?，就是“破壞了當地的生態”，故選A項。

選項B“公園的收入減少了”，在文中沒有相關信息支撐，屬無中生有。

選項C“植被保護”，與文中所述事實恰恰相反。屬是非顛倒。

選項D“動物種類的增加”，而文中只是說沒有了灰狼后，鹿和山狗的數量增加，而不是動物種類增加，屬張冠李戴。

[例3]（2016年全國Ⅲ卷）

“I dont make them up，” she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years. “I dont have to.”

Beauticians， bartenders， piano players and people with purple hats， Weltys people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends， from walks through the streets of her native Jackson， Miss.， from conversations overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that， at 78， her left ear has now given out. Sometimes， sitting on a bus or a train， she hears only a fragment （片斷） of a particularly interesting story.endprint

27. What can we learn about the characters in Weltys fiction？

A. They live in big cities.

B. They are mostly women.

C. They come from real life.

D. They are pleasure seekers.

解析：由該篇倒數第二段（上面的第一段）所述，就她在大約50年來的小說里的人物，她說“我沒有虛構他們（I dont make them up）”“我也不必虛構（I dont have to）?！蹦敲?，這些人物來自哪里呢？

最后一段中Weltys people come from ... from ... from ... 具體講述了她故事中人物的來歷。她的人物來自于跟老朋友閑聊，來自于走街串巷，來自于在公交車上無意中所聽到。因此，可概括為“現實生活”，故選C項。

選項A“他們生活在大城市”， 選項B“他們大多是婦女”，選項D“他們是快樂的追尋者”在文中都找不到信息支撐，均屬無中生有。

二、細節推斷題

[例4] （2015年全國Ⅰ卷）

A cafe society where no intellectualizing（高談闊論） is allowed？ It couldnt seem more un-French. But Lehannes psychology cafe is about more than knowing oneself：Its trying to help the citys troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years， Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours， a fast-food boom and a younger generations desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology， history， and engineering are catching on， filling tables well into the evening.

33. How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes？

A. They are less frequently visited.

B. They stay open for longer hours.

C. They have bigger night crowds.

D. They start to serve fast food.

解析：本題問“法國生活方式的變化如何影響咖啡館？”由題干中的French lifestyle 可將答題信息定位到：Over the years， Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours， a fast-food boom and a younger generations desire to spend more time at home，即“這些年來， 巴黎的咖啡館已經淪為法國生活方式變化的受害者——工作時間更長、快餐迅速發展，以及年輕人渴望在家里度過更多時間?！庇纱丝梢酝茢喑觯喝藗儊砜Х瑞^的次數減少了。故選A項。

選項B“他們營業的時間更長”在文中沒有信息點支撐，屬無中生有。

選項C“夜間來的人更多”與“工作時間更長”“年輕人更希望在家里呆更多時間”的事實恰恰相反。屬是非顛倒。

選項D“他們供應快餐”， 是對a fast-food boom的曲解，是命題人利用文中只言片語來迷感考生的。屬斷章取義。

[例5] （2016年全國Ⅰ卷）

Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices， but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard， especially knowing your adult child is struggling， but giving up the life you know may be harder.

28. What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph？

A. Make decisions in the best interests of their own.

B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them.

C. Sacrifice for their struggling children.endprint

D. Get to know themselves better.

解析：首句“搬去同兒孫一起住并不適合每一個爺輩的人?！边@就意味著“爺輩不要輕易決定，搬還是不搬需要根據具體情況而定”。再看下文：幾乎每一個爺輩的人，都想與他或她的孫輩在一起，愿意為他們做出犧牲；但有時候，不跟他們住在一起而是經常走訪他們，更為明智。讓孫輩離開得很遠很難，特別是知道你成年的兒輩正在努力奮斗時，但是放棄你熟悉的生活也許更難。由兩個比較級“更明智”“更難”可推斷，作者在暗示爺輩搬或不搬要根據自身的最大利益來決定，故選A項。

選項B建議爺輩“叫他們的孩子多去看望他們（爺輩）”與文中所說“不搬去同兒孫住而是經常去看望（兒孫）”恰恰反了過來。屬是非顛倒。

選項C建議爺輩“為正在奮斗的孩子做出犧牲”；作者在文中所述“幾乎每一個爺輩的人都愿意為孩子做出犧牲”是客觀事實，而非作者的意圖。屬張冠李戴。

選項D建議爺輩“更好地了解自己”，文中沒有信息點支撐，屬無中生有。

[例5] （2015年全國Ⅱ卷）

But not everyone is happy. Owain James， the president of the National Union of Students （NUS）， argued that the increase is evidence of student hardship—young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education. “New students are now aware that they are likely to leave university up to ￡15， 000 in debt. It is not surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree. NUS statistics show that over 40% of students are forced to work during term time and the figure increases to 90% during vacation periods， ”he said.

11. How does Owain James feel about the gap-year phenomenon？

A. Hes puzzled. B. Hes worried.

C. Hes surprised. D. Hes annoyed.

解析：本題問Owain James對間隔年現象的感受如何。首先由Owain James在文中找到答題相關信息段落。由首句“但并不是每個人都（對間隔年現象）持樂觀態度?！?Owain James是作者所舉的一個例子。他不感到樂觀，他感到什么呢？他認為“學生困難的證據在增加——年輕人在完成學業之前被迫賺錢?！薄皩W生意識到在大學畢業前要負高達一萬五千英鎊的債務?！庇伞氨黄取薄案哳~債務”可推斷出，Owain James感到“擔憂”，故選B項。

選項A“感到迷感”，選項C“感到驚訝”，與事實不符，因為Owain James明白大學生修間隔年的原因。選項D“感到惱怒”，這不至于吧，有點推斷過度了。

責任編輯 蔣小青endprint