Ancient and modern medication laws of aromatic Chinese medicines in treating angina pectoris based on data mining

WANG Choping，LUO Jing，b，c，WAN Qing，CAO Ming，ZHA Qinglin，LEI Zhiqing，Abi Nm，YANG Ming，b，c*

a. School of Pharmacy，Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine，Nanchang，Jiangxi 330004，China

b. Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation，Ministry of Education，Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine，Nanchang，Jiangxi 330004，China

c. State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs and High Efficiency，Energy Saving and Consumption Reducing Pharmaceutical Equipment，Nanchang，Jiangxi 330004，China

d. The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine，Nanchang，Jiangxi 330006，China

e. The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine，Nanchang，Jiangxi 330012，China

f. Clinical Medical College，Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine，Nanchang，Jiangxi 330004，China

g. The Islamia University of Bahawalpur，Bahawalpur，Punjab 63100，Pakistan

ABSTRACT Objective To explore ancient and modern medication laws of aromatic Chinese medicines in treating angina pectoris，and to provide new ideas for the clinical treatment.Methods With “angina pectoris” as the key word，ancient books prescriptions and Chinese patent medicines related to angina pectoris were collected from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI)，Traditional Chinese Medicine Database System，Chinese Medicine Prescription Database，New National Proprietary Chinese Medicine (2nd edition)，and Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition) from January 1，2015 to December 31，2021. Core highfrequency aromatic Chinese medicines were defined，and their potential medication rules were analyzed and summarized. Microsoft Access 2010 was used for data management. Data analysis software，including Excel and IBM SPSS Modeler 18.0 were used for drug association rule analysis，and Cytoscape 3.7.2 for visual display.Results There were 67 ancient books prescriptions and 258 Chinese patent medicines containing aromatic Chinese medicines treating angina pectoris collected from relevant databases. In ancient books prescriptions，there were nine aromatic Chinese medicines with the frequency ≥10，and the most commonly used medicine was Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix)，followed by Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium). There were 33 aromatic Chinese medicines with the frequency ≥10 in Chinese patent medicines，and the most commonly used medicine was Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma)，followed by Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) and Sanqi (Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma). In ancient books prescriptions，the medicines mainly belonged to intenal-warming medicines，Qi-regulating medicines，and blood circulation promoting and blood stasis removing medicines.There were eight medicine pairs with confidence equal to 100% in ancient books prescriptions，the most frequently used pairs were Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) +Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix)，and Xiangfu (Cyperi Rhizoma) + Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium). In Chinese patent medicines，the aromatic Chinese medicine Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma) could be combined with many other Chinese medicines，among which the Confidence and Support of Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) + Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) were at a high level.Conclusion Aromatic Chinese medicines for the treatment of angina pectoris of coronary heart disease are mainly warm，and the flavors are mainly pungent，sweet，and bitter. They mainly access to the liver，gallbladder，and pericardium meridians. The treatment of angina pectoris of coronary heart disease mainly focuses on warming heart pulse，and promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis.

Keywords Aromatic Chinese medicines Ancient books prescriptions Chinese patent medicines Angina pectoris Medication laws Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma)

1 Introduction

Angina pectoris of coronary heart disease refers to the clinical syndrome caused by acute and short-term ischemia and hypoxia of myocardial cells due to abnormal coronary blood supply and myocardial oxygen consumption. It is characterized by strong oppression，compression，and contraction，and can be life-threatening[1].Angina pectoris is the main clinical type of coronary heart disease. It is found that the prevalence of angina pectoris of coronary heart disease is on the rise in China; the patient group tends to be younger，and the number of acute attacks increases yearly[2]. There are many complications of angina pectoris in coronary heart disease; therefore，the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris is urgent.In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)，angina pectoris belongs to the categories of “chest arthralgia” and “heart arthralgia”，and for its pathogenesis，Plain Questions · on Arthralgia (Su Wen · Bi Lun，《素問·痹論》) records“heart arthralgia，pulse obstruction”，that is，heart pulse stasis can be treated by promoting Qi and blood circulation，and dredging pulse and relieving pain[3]. Angina pectoris can be categorized as stable and unstable types.Stable angina pectoris is mainly due to coronary stenosis and myocardial blood supply insufficiency caused by coronary atherosclerosis，and its clinical manifestation is chest tightness and pain，which is often induced by labor and emotion[3]. Unstable angina pectoris is a common and serious complication in prolonged coronary heart disease. Its symptoms are between stable angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction，and its clinical manifestations are coronary spasm or unstable plaque rupture and shedding. In TCM，promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis，warming Yang and benefiting Qi，resolving phlegm and relieving arthralgia，broadening chest and regulating Qi，and benefiting Qi and nourishing Yin are applied to treat heart blood stasis syndrome，which have remarkable curative effects，and can reduce the frequency and duration of angina pectoris[4，5].

At present，there are many western medicines for angina pectoris of coronary heart disease，including antiplatelet drugs，such as aspirin and clopidogrel; beta receptor blockers，such as betaloc and bisoprolol; and nitrates，such as nitroglycerin and isosorbide nitrate[6].Western medicine is effective in the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris; however，there are associated side effects such as decreased blood pressure，decreased afterload，headache，and discomfort，and the efficacy of the drugs depends on the physical fitness of the patient[7，8].TCM can quickly relieve symptoms of angina pectoris and has rehabilitation effects，with fewer side effects，and a large number of studies have shown that aromatic Chinese medicine can play a key role in the treatment of angina pectoris[9-13]. Aromatic Chinese medicines have the functions of promoting Qi and dredging collaterals，and aromatically eliminating dampness. Therefore，this study summarized and analyzed the medication rules of aromatic Chinese medicines for angina pectoris in ancient books prescriptions and Chinese patent medicines.

In ancient books，angina pectoris is classified as“chest arthralgia” “heartache”，or “heart arthralgia”，and it is often treated based on their etiology and pathogenesis. In modern times，western medicine and Chinese patent medicines are the main options for angina pectoris.Therefore，we collected prescriptions from ancient books and Chinese patent medicines for angina pectoris. Thereafter，we refined the core high-frequency aromatic Chinese medicines using data mining，analyzed and summarized the potential medication rules，and provided reference for better treatment.

2 Data and methods

2.1 Data sources

Ancient books prescriptions and Chinese patent medicines related to angina pectoris were collected from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) (http://www.cnki.net/)，Traditional Chinese Medicine Database System (http://cowork.cintcm.com/engineer/windex.jsp)，Chinese Medicine Prescription Database (https://dbdev.yaozh.com/fangji)，New National Proprietary Chinese Medicine (2nd edition)，and Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition) from January 1，2015 to December 31，2021.

2.2 Prescription screening and information standardization

In this study，the aromatic Chinese medicines reviewed were those containing terpenoids，aliphatic，aromatic，and other volatile components[14]. By collecting ancient books prescriptions and Chinese patent medicines containing aromatic Chinese medicines to prevent and treat angina pectoris，there must be a certain source. Aromatic Chinese medicines were collected fromChinese Materia Medica(Shanghai Science and Technology Press，1999)andChinese Medicine(China Medical Science Press，2019). According to the syndromes and symptoms of angina pectoris，the key information is the drug composition and efficacy indications of ancient books prescriptions and Chinese patent medicines for preventing and treating angina pectoris. In addition，the property and flavor，meridian tropism，efficacy，and efficacy classification，as well as original data，such as prescription source，prescription name，drug composition，and indications were sorted. The names of diseases，symptoms，and syndromes in TCM were standardized with reference toTerms of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of TCM(approved and promulgated by the State Bureau of Technical Supervision in 1997)，Terms of TCM(Distribution Department of Science Press，2005)，Differential Diagnosis of Symptoms of TCM(People’s Health Publishing House，2004)，andConcise Dictionary of Diseases and Syndromes of TCM(Shanghai Science and Technology Publishing House，2005).Chinese Materia Medica，andChinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition) were used to standardize the origin，source，name，and classification of aromatic Chinese medicines. The search words were “chest arthralgia” “chest pain” “sincere pain” “syncope heartache”“heartache” “distress” “heart hernia” “heart arthralgia”and “heart cold”.

2.3 Establishment of aromatic Chinese medicines database and analysis of medication laws

2.3.1 Establishment of aromatic Chinese medicines database The related prescriptions containing aromatic Chinese medicines for angina pectoris were screened from the ancient books and Chinese patent medicines related databases mentioned in section 2.1. The proportion of aromatic Chinese medicines contained in each prescription was calculated. The ancient books prescriptions and Chinese patent medicines，in which the proportion of aromatic Chinese medicines was accounted for more than 90%，were exported and analyzed using Microsoft Access 2010.

2.3.2 Data analysis The frequencies of aromatic Chinese medicines in ancient books prescriptions and Chinese patent medicines were calculated，and the compatibility between the medicines were identified using the association rule analysis. The results were exported to an Excel，and the association rules were analyzed with the Apriori algorithm of IBM SPSS Modeler 18.0 software，with the rule Support ≥ 10%，Confidence ≥ 50%，and Lift ＞ 1 as standards. Cytoscape 3.7.2 software was used to visualize the results of association rules.

3 Results

3.1 Sources of prescriptions

Sixty-seven prescriptions for angina pectoris were obtained from the database of ancient books prescriptions，and the proportion of aromatic Chinese medicines in the prescriptions exceeded 90%. Specific prescription names and sources are listed in Table 1. 258 prescriptions of Chinese patent medicines containing aromatic Chinese medicines were excavated from Chinese Medicine Prescription Database，New National Proprietary Chinese Medicine(2nd edition)，andChinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition)，etc.，involving 288 Chinese medicines(Table 2).

Table 1 Prescriptions for angina pectoris in ancient books

Table 1 Continued

Table 2 Prescriptions for angina pectoris in Chinese patent medicines

Table 2 Continued

Table 2 Continued

Table 2 Continued

3.2 Frequency analysis of aromatic Chinese medicines in ancient books prescriptions and Chinese patent medicines

As shown in Table 3，frequency analysis of aromatic Chinese medicines contained in 67 ancient books prescriptions showed that Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix) had the highest frequency (22)，followed by Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) (20). According to the frequency statistics of aromatic Chinese medicines in 258 Chinese patent medicines，there were 33 aromatic Chinese medicines with frequency ≥10，and the top five were Danshen (Salvia Miltiorrhiza Radix et Rhizoma)，Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma)，Sanqi (Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma)，Bingpian (Borneolum)，and Honghua(Carthami Flos). Among them，Danshen (Salvia Miltiorrhiza Radix et Rhizoma) had the highest frequency (111)，followed by Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) and Sanqi (Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma) with frequencies of both 66 (Table 4). We classified and analyzed the aromatic Chinese medicines in the ancient books prescriptions. The most frequently used aromatic Chinese medicines were Qi-regulating medicines (9)，internal-warming medicines (8)，and blood circulation promoting and blood stasis removing medicines (7) (Figure 1).

Table 3 Category and frequency of aromatic Chinese medicines in ancient books prescriptions

Figure 1 Categories of aromatic Chinese medicines in ancient books prescriptions

Table 4 Aromatic Chinese medicines in Chinese patent medicines (frequency ≥ 10)

3.3 Association rule analysis

Using IBM SPSS Modeler 18.0 data mining software，the correlation and drug pair frequency of aromatic Chinese medicines in ancient books prescriptions and Chinese patent medicines were analyzed. Among the ancient books prescriptions，eight pairs with confidence as high as 100%，the most frequent drug pairs were Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma) + Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix)，and Xiangfu (Cyperi Rhizoma) + Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) (Table 5). For the Chinese patent medicines，with the rule Support ≥ 5%，Confidence ≥50%，and Lift ＞ 1，according to the corresponding results，aromatic Chinese medicines such as Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) and Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma) could be compatible with many Chinese medicines，and the Confidence and Support of Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) + Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) were at a high level(Table 6).

Table 5 Compatibility rules of aromatic Chinese medicines in ancient books prescriptions

Table 6 Compatibility rules of aromatic Chinese medicines in Chinese patent medicines

Table 6 Continued

3.4 Association network analysis of aromatic Chinese medicines

Combined with the results in sections 3.2 and 3.3，we found that Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) played animportant role in the prescriptions of angina pectoris，so Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) was the key aromatic Chinese medicine for the following analysis.

3.4.1 Association network of aromatic Chinese medicines for angina pectoris in ancient books prescriptions Cytoscape 3.7.2 software was used to visualize the association network of aromatic Chinese medicines for angina pectoris in ancient books，and the association network of Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) was extracted. It could be seen that Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) had a strong correlation with Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium)，Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix)，and Houpo (Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex)(Figure 2).

Figure 2 Association network of aromatic Chinese medicines for angina pectoris in ancient books prescriptions

3.4.2 Association network of aromatic Chinese medicines for angina pectoris in Chinese patent medicines We visualized the association network of aromatic Chinese medicines for angina pectoris in Chinese patent medicines，and extracted the association network of Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) (Figure 3). It could be seen that Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) was most closely related to aromatic Chinese medicines such as Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma)，Sanqi (Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma)，and Bingpian(Borneolum).

Figure 3 Association network of aromatic Chinese medicines for angina pectoris in Chinese patent medicines

4 Discussion

Angina pectoris is one of the most common types of coronary heart disease. In TCM theory，angina pectoris of coronary heart disease belongs to the scope of “chest obstruction” “chest pain” “sincere pain” and “syncope heartache”. Its pathogenesis is lumen stenosis due to coronary atherosclerosis，and myocardial ischemia and insufficient oxygen supply caused by arterial spasm[15].“Phlegm and blood stasis” plays an important role in the progression of angina pectoris[16]. Aromatic Chinese medicines are mainly used for avoiding turbidity，eliminating dampness，inducing resuscitation，warming，and relieving exterior syndrome. Modern study has shown that they exhibit good pharmacological activities against cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases，central nervous，respiratory，and gastrointestinal diseases[14].This study showed that the main categories of aromatic Chinese medicines for angina pectoris in ancient books were Qi-regulating medicnes，internal-warming medicines，and blood circulation promoting and blood stasis removing medicines. YU et al.[17]found that good curative effects were achieved in patients with frequent heartache who were treated with aromatic drugs. Qi is the commander of blood; blood is the mother of Qi; Qi circulation leads to blood circulation，and Qi stagnation leads to blood stasis. Therefore，blood stasis syndrome is often combined with Qi-regulating medicines to promote circulation of Qi and blood. LI et al.[18]，exploring the ancient classification of prescriptions for angina pectoris of coronary heart disease，found that Qi-regulating medicines were used most frequently in Han，Jin，Sui，and Tang Dynasties，and in Song，Liao，Jin，and Yuan Dynasties，medicines for warming Yang and dispelling cold，and promoting Qi and eliminating phlegm were used most. On the basis of warming Yang and strengthening body’s resistance，they mainly focus on promoting Qi，promoting blood circulation and eliminating phlegm，and treating both symptoms and root causes. There is a saying inEssential Work for Great Doctors · Pains in the Heart and Abdomen(Yi Zong Bi Du · Xin Fu Zhu Tong，《醫宗必讀 · 心腹諸痛》)，“There is no pain without blockage，vice versa”. Therefore，pain is mostly caused by blood blockage and blood stasis. TCM believes that“chest obstruction” is mainly caused by Qi deficiency and blood stasis blocking channels[19]，so it can be treated by regulating Qi，dredging channels，and promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. LIU et al.[20]，based on the etiology and pathogenesis of thoracic obstruction，and the relationship between blood stasis and thoracic obstruction，found that medicines for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis were effective in treating chest obstruction and heartache.

In our study，a total of 67 prescriptions containing aromatic Chinese medicines were collected from ancient books，of which 20 were from theGeneral Record of Holy Universal Relief(Sheng Ji Zong Lu，《圣濟總錄》)，accounting for 29.41%. Aromatic Chinese medicines contained in ancient books prescriptions could be divided into 12 categories，namely，tranquilizing medicines，deficiency-tonifying medicines，dampness-eliminating medicines，blood circulation promoting and blood stasis removing medicines，medicines for relieving exterior syndrome，resuscitation-inducing medicines，Qi-regulating medicines，heat-clearing medicines，astringent medicines，internal-warming medicines，hemostatic medicines，and medicines for dispelling rheumatism，among which Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix) and Chenpi(Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) had frequency ≥ 20. Correlation analysis of drug pairs appearing in ancient books prescriptions showed that there were 33 pairs with confidence higher than 60%，and the core pairs with confidence higher than 80% mainly included Shengjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens) + Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium)，Hujiao (Piperis Fructus) + Ezhu (Curcumae Rhizoma)，Moyao (Myrrha) + Ruxiang (Olibanum)，Xiaohuixiang (Foeniculif Fructus) + Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium)，Xiaohuixiang (Foeniculif Fructus) + Qingpi(Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride)，Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix) + Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium)，Chaihu(Bupleuri Radix) + Xiangfu (Cyperi Rhizoma)，Qianghuo(Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix) + Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix)，Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) +Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix)，Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae) + Baishao (Paeoniae Radix Alba)，and Sharen (Amomi Fructus) + Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium).

In Chinese patent medicines，there were 33 aromatic Chinese medicines with frequency ≥10，among which Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) had the highest frequency of 111，followed by Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma) and Sanqi (Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma). In the compatibility rules of Chinese patent medicines，Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) could be combined with many other Chinese medicines，and Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) + Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) had relatively higher Confidence and Support. In the network diagram of aromatic Chinese medicine association analysis，Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) and many aromatic Chinese medicines were closely related，and they interacted with each other to exert curative effect. To sum up，Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) is widely used in Chinese patent medicines and can be used as a basis for selection. It could be seen from the meridian tropism of TCM with frequency ≥10 that the properties were mainly warm，and the flavors were mainly pungent，sweet，and bitter，while the aromatic Chinese medicine Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma) is warm and pungent，mainly accessing to liver，gallbladder，and pericardium meridians. These laws reflect that the basic pathogenesis and syndrome characteristics of angina pectoris of coronary heart disease are mainly Yin-cold excess，Qi stagnation，and blood stasis，which is basically consistent with ZHANG Zhongjing’s idea.

In order to explore the internal relationship between the compatibility of various aromatic Chinese medicines，the frequent patterns and high-frequency aromatic Chinese medicines in various prescriptions were visually analyzed. From Figure 2A，it can be seen that Chenpi(Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) is the most closely related to other medicines，and Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) occupies the main position in the prescriptions for angina pectoris. Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) is slow，mild，light，and floating，and is good at regulating Qi，eliminating dampness，and eliminating phlegm.XU[21]conducted a research on the treatment of angina pectoris with Chaihu Shugan Powder (柴胡疏肝散).Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) in the prescription has the effect of regulating Qi，which can be used to treat chest obstruction and Qi stagnation in the chest，and is a monarch drug; Xiangfu (Cyperi Rhizoma) is an important medicine for soothing liver，relieving depression，promoting Qi circulation，and relieving pain，and is good at regulating Qi and the middle. Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) soothes the liver and regulates Qi，while Xiangfu (Cyperi Rhizoma) enhances the function of regulating Qi，which is often used together with others and has better curative effect. Figure 2B shows that Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) is closely compatible with other aromatic Chinese medicines such as Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix)，Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium)，and Rougui (Cinnamomi Cortex).Figure 3 shows a close compatibility between Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) and other aromatic Chinese medicines such as Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhiza Radix et Rhizoma)，Sanqi (Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma) and Bingpian (Borneolum). WANG et al.[22]explored the effect of Danggui Sini Decoction (當歸四逆湯)on unstable angina pectoris of coronary heart disease through clinical controlled trials，in which Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix) can enrich and harmonize blood，regulate menstruation，and relieve pain; Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma) can promote blood and Qi circulation，and dispel wind and relieve pain. The combination of the two can exhibit pharmacological effects such as anti-arteriosclerosis，enhancing blood circulation，strengthening myocardial contractility，dilating blood vessels，and resisting acute myocardial ischemia[23].

5 Conclusion

In this study，frequency analysis and association rule analysis were used to explore the medication rules of ancient books prescriptions and Chinese patent medicines for angina pectoris. It was found that aromatic Chinese medicines in ancient books prescriptions are mostly Qi-regulating medicines，internal-warming medicines，and blood circulation promoting and blood stasis removing medicines. The most commonly used aromatic Chinese medicine is Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix)，followed by Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium). The most frequently used drug pairs are Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma) + Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix)，and Xiangfu (Cyperi Rhizoma) + Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium). In Chinese patent medicines，the most commonly used aromatic Chinese medicine is Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma)，followed by Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) and Sanqi (Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma). Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) and Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) can be combined with many other Chinese medicines，among which the Confidence and Support of Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) + Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) were at a high level.Therefore，based on data mining，this study explores the ancient and modern medication rules of aromatic Chinese medicines for angina pectoris，and finally identifies the aromatic Chinese medicine Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma) as the candidate for the research and development of new drugs for angina pectoris.

Fundings

Jiangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology Major Research and Development Program(20194ABC28009 and 20202BBGL73008)，and National Key Research and Development Program(2018YFC1706404)

Competing interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest.