對圖書館和可持續發展的理解是一個不斷深入的過程

編者按：

可持續發展是當下全球的核心議題，也是我國“十四五”時期的政策重點，越來越受到國內外圖書館領域的關注和重視。然而，業界對可持續發展圖書館的概念、圖書館和可持續發展的關系等問題仍存在一些認知模糊。國際圖書館協會與機構聯合會（International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions， IFLA，以下簡稱“國際圖聯”）環境、可持續發展和圖書館專業組（Environment， Sustainability and Libraries Section，ENSULIB）是國際圖聯最活躍的專業組之一。ENSULIB承諾以聯合國可持續發展目標、巴黎氣候協定以及聯合國其他相關文件為指導，鼓勵圖書館員以更環保和可持續的方式行動，支持全球圖書館的綠色行動，為社區和社會的可持續發展作出貢獻。ENSULIB發起的國際圖聯“綠色圖書館獎”已經成為為全球綠色圖書館和圖書館項目發聲的重要獎項。2022年和2023年，ENSULIB分別榮獲了國際圖聯“最具活力和影響力專業組”（Dynamic Unit and Impact Award， DUIA）特別提名獎和全面成就獎。為此，我們邀請了ENSULIB的3位主要負責人進行對談，并就如何申報國際圖聯“綠色圖書館獎”提出建議，以期為業界理解和研究圖書館和可持續發展相關問題提供參考。

潘雅茵（Priscilla Pun）：國際圖書館協會與機構聯合會（International Federation of library Associations and Institutions， IFLA，以下簡稱“國際圖聯”）環境、可持續發展和圖書館專業組（Environment， Sustainability and Libraries Section，ENSULIB）秘書，曾任ENSULIB信息協調員（2021—2023年），澳門大學圖書館技術服務組事務主管。

哈里·薩哈維爾塔（Harri Sahavirta）博士：ENSULIB主席（2021—2023年），芬蘭赫爾辛基阿拉比亞圖書館（Arabianranta Library）和瓦里拉圖書館（Vallila Library）館長。自2011年以來，他一直是ENSULIB的積極成員，曾擔任ENSULIB小組召集人（2015—2019年）、秘書（2020年）等多個職務，參與了歐洲多個與圖書館可持續發展相關的項目。

潘雅茵：2022年，ENSULIB給出了綠色圖書館的定義。請談談您對這個定義的理解，對于ENSULIB的使命而言，它意味著什么？

薩哈維爾塔：總的來說，我不太相信存在嚴格的定義，因為現象通常并不明確，而是相當模糊的。并且，現象也在不斷變化，它們的條件在不同的時間和地點也可能有所不同。這一點對于綠色圖書館來說尤其如此。世界各地的綠色圖書館面臨著不同的環境挑戰和問題，我們對可持續發展概念的理解也在不斷深化。然而，ENSULIB對綠色圖書館的定義是意義重大的，因為過去通常認為的綠色圖書館只關注圖書館建筑本身。綠色圖書館被簡單地定義為綠色圖書館建筑，忽視了可持續的圖書館服務以及可持續性的社會方面。因此，ENSULIB給出的這個定義是嘗試在現有定義的基礎上進行拓展，并加深我們對可持續發展的理解。

潘雅茵：ENSULIB是何時成立的？您認為當時成立ENSULIB的必要性體現在哪里？

薩哈維爾塔：ENSULIB成立于2009年，當時是作為國際圖聯的一個特別興趣小組。那會大家的討論還是主要集中在圖書館建筑方面，但也有一種新的認識蓄勢待發，圖書館員開始探討圖書館對環境可能產生的影響。隨著對氣候變化認識的加深，出現這種情況也很正常。因此，有必要成立一個專門的工作組來研究環境問題，因為綠色建筑的概念已經相對明確，但圖書館員對綠色圖書館服務的理解卻還是模糊不清的。最初，人們只是意識到圖書館提供共享空間（用于學習和工作等）和設施，而現在，圖書館代表著共享經濟，也重視并強調和聯合國可持續發展目標的關聯性。

潘雅茵：在ENSULIB成立初期，您是如何“定義”并強化其目標的？在此過程中遇到了哪些困難或挑戰？

薩哈維爾塔：我參加了第一屆ENSULIB會議，當時就提出了我的看法：我們無法重建所有的圖書館，但我們必須學會以更可持續的方式來運營現有的圖書館建筑。挑戰在于，這往往被理解成只需（僅需）遵循綠色辦公原則，即易于衡量且容易被添加到（一般的）環境項目和認證中。當時還沒有專門為圖書館量身定制的環境標準。

潘雅茵：過去十年間，世界各地的圖書館應對環境挑戰方面的工作發生了哪些變化？有沒有一些根本性的范式轉變？

薩哈維爾塔：世界不同地區的情況各有不同。一些國家缺乏基礎設施，因此圖書館致力于提高人們對垃圾分類重要性的認識；而另一些國家面臨著識字率低的困境，這顯然影響了人們對環境工作重要性的認知；還有一些國家的問題主要是過度消費和數字垃圾。處于不同環境中的圖書館所扮演的角色自然也有相當大的區別。

然而，隨著聯合國《2030年議程》（2015年）的啟動，我們可以明顯地看到根本性的轉變?，F在，人們對可持續的理解更為廣泛，不僅強調了環境，還強調了其社會面（而非僅考慮經濟因素）?？沙掷m性和“責任”的社會面已成為關注的核心。

與此同時，關于藝術和文學以及它們如何增強人們的適應能力并給予人們力量的新思考也開始涌現。因此，趨勢已經非常明顯：對圖書館和可持續發展的認知已經從圖書館建筑擴展到了圖書館事業的核心，涵蓋了信息獲取、共享空間和文學作品——對社會面因素重要性的認識也日益深入。圖書館倡導平等和民主的價值觀，以期為討論環境問題提供平臺。

未來，圖書館應更加關注數字化轉型對環境的影響。數字化減少了紙質文獻和實體館藏的數量，但也帶來了數字足跡的問題，比如存儲數字數據會對環境產生的影響。

潘雅茵：您認為目前ENSULIB最具標志性（或影響力）的活動是什么？接下來ENSULIB有什么計劃？

薩哈維爾塔：我認為每年一次的國際圖聯綠色圖書館獎是一項非常了不起的活動。通過這個獎項，不僅優秀的圖書館和圖書館項目得到了表彰，我們也在這一過程中為創建和制定綠色圖書館標準作了大量工作。我們希望入選的這些圖書館和項目能夠成為所有圖書館的靈感來源。

此外，ENSULIB也在積極地創建和發布有關可持續發展的各種形式文本，例如海報、核驗清單以及“讓圖書館變得更加綠色”的海報范例。這些內容也被翻譯成多種語言以便讓更廣泛的用戶受益。

最后，值得一提的是，ENSULIB在2021年升級成為了專業組，原來只有幾個成員的特別興趣小組如今已發展成擁有近100名機構和個人成員的專業組，其中還包括了許多圖書館協會。這意味著ENSULIB在國際圖聯和全球圖書館領域的重要性已大幅提升。

以下為訪談的英文原文：

The Understanding of Libraries and Sustainable Development is A Continuously Deepening Process

Pan：ENSULIB has made a definition of a green library in 2022. May I know how you think about this definition？ Is it important to ENSULIBs missions and how？

Sahavirta：In general， I do not believe in strict definitions since phenomena are not usually unambiguous， but quite vague. Phenomena are also changing， and their conditions may vary at different times and locations. This holds certainly for green libraries. Green libraries confront different kind of environmental challenges and problems in different parts of the world and our conceptual understanding on sustainability still increases. However， ENSULIBs definition of green library is remarkable since the accepted one focused solely on library buildings. Green libraries have usually been defined as green library buildings and no weight has been given to sustainable library services， nor social aspects of sustainability. Thus， the new definition was an attempt to broaden the existing definitions and increase our understanding.

Pan：When was the ENSULIB SIG established？ Why did you think it was necessary to establish ENSULIB at that time？

Sahavirta：ENSULIB was established as an IFLA Special Interest Group in 2009. At the time， the discussion concerned mostly the library buildings， but a new awareness was about to evoke， and librarians begun to ask what kind of environmental impact libraries might have. It may not be a surprise that this happened at the same time as the awareness of climate change increased. It was necessary to have a special group devoted to environmental questions since it was clear what makes a building green， but librarians had very vague idea of green library services. At first， it was realized that libraries offer shared spaces （for studying and working etc.） and devices – now libraries represent sharing economy and emphasize UNs SDGs.

Pan：How did you “define” and enhance ENSULIBs aims in the beginning of the establishment？ Any difficulties or challenges？

Sahavirta：I participated the first ENSULIB sessions with a statement that we cannot rebuilt all the libraries but must learn to run libraries in a more sustainable manner in existing buildings. However， the challenge was that this was understood to mean （only） green office principles， i.e.， activities which are easily measured and added to （quite general） environmental programs and certificates. There were not environmental criteria tailored for libraries.

Pan：How the environmental work in libraries has been changed during the past ten years indifferent parts of the world？ Any paradigms have been shifted？

Sahavirta：The situation is naturally quite different in different parts of the world. There are countries where there are lacks in infrastructure and libraries attempt to increase the awareness of the importance on sorting waste while some other countries struggle with low literacy and its impact on environmental work. And finally， there are countries where the problem is mostly overconsumption and digital waste. Libraries role is quite different in all these situations.

Nevertheless， there has been a clear paradigm shift which begun （or became apparent） with UN Agenda 2030 and Sustainable Development Goals （2015）. Sustainability was now understood in a broader sense， including social and environmental emphasizes （in addition to economic considerations）. The social aspect of sustainability and “responsibility” have become central.

At the same time， new ideas arose concerning art and fiction and how they? promote resilience and empower people. Hence， the development has been quite clear： libraries and sustainability stemmed? ?from the buildings to the core of librarianship， including access to information， shared spaces， and fiction? – while social aspects also gained weight. Libraries advocate equality and democratic values and wish to offer a forum for discussion on environmental issues.

In future， libraries should also think more the environmental impacts of the digital shift. Digitalization has decreased the number of printed documents and collections but there is also a digital footprint and， for example， storing digital data has environmental impacts.

Pan：What are the signature （or most impactful） activities of ENSULIB at present？ What is the future plan of ENSULIB？

Sahavirta：I would say that IFLA Green Library Award which is given annually is a very remarkable activity. It is not only that great libraries and library projects are elected and prized， but we have done a lot of work to create and develop the criteria for green libraries. In addition， it is our wish the Award finalists would be a source of inspiration for all libraries.

ENSULIB has also been very active in creating and publishing short documents on sustainability， like poster， check lists and “what makes a library green”. These have been translated into several languages so that they would reach a broader audience.

Finally， one should not pass the fact that ENSULIB gained a full section status only two years ago. Former Special Interest Group with couple of members has grown into a section which has almost 100 institutional and personal members， including many library associations. This means that ENSULIBs significance in IFLA and in the global library field has increased enormously.