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中國城鎮化與區域居民生活直接用能研究

2015-01-13 18:28樊靜麗劉健張賢
中國人口·資源與環境 2015年1期
關鍵詞:城鎮化

樊靜麗+劉健+張賢

摘要我國城鎮化進程持續加快,1996年以來年均增長1.4個百分點,同時,居民生活直接能源消費快速增長。區域發展不平衡使各區域城鎮化水平與居民生活直接用能存在差異。本文探討2000-2011年間城鎮化進程對各區域居民生活直接用能的影響規律。根據Divisia指數分解法,將居民生活直接用能變化分解為人口增長效應、城鎮化率增加效應、城鎮居民人均生活用能變化效應和農村居民人均生活用能變化效應。著重分析了東、中、西部區域城鎮化率增加對區域生活直接用能總量變化、各類型能源品種變化的貢獻及邊際貢獻。結果發現:①2000-2011年間,城鎮化進程對東、中、西部和東北區域居民生活直接用能的貢獻分別為4.2%,20.6%,4.1%,-0.01%,人口結構的變動對中部居民直接用能的拉動作用明顯;②城鎮化率每提高一個百分點,對各區域間生活直接用能貢獻差別不大,其中,對東部區域增量貢獻最小;③與其他區域不同,中部區域城鎮化進程對煤炭消費有增量貢獻;東、中部區域城鎮化進程對油品消費增量的貢獻是西部區域的3-4倍;東部區域城鎮化進程對電力消費增量的貢獻接近0;④城鎮化率每增加一個百分點,對東部地區油品消費增量貢獻分別是中西部區域的1.9和2.3倍;對天然氣和熱力消費增量貢獻的情況類似,均是西部區域最高,是東部和中部1.4-2.6倍。研究結論對城鎮化進程下開展區域能源管理、節能減排具有指導意義。

關鍵詞城鎮化;生活直接用能;Divisia分解

中圖分類號F062.1;X24文獻標識碼A

文章編號1002-2104(2015)01-0055-06doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2015.01.008

在過去三十余年,我國城鎮化進程不斷加快,城鎮化率從1980年的19.4%增加到2011年的51.3%;尤其是1996年以來,城鎮化率年均增長1.4個百分點,明顯高于過去(1980-1995年)年均增長0.6個百分點的增長速度。未來幾十年,我國將繼續城鎮化進程,據“世界城市展望”估計,到2050年城鎮化水平將達到77.3%[1]。城鎮化進程伴隨著能源需求的快速增長,1980年以來我國能源消費總量和居民生活能源消費量總體上保持較快增長,2000年以來增長尤為顯著,年均增速均在8%以上。二元經濟和區域發展不平衡是我國長期以來的社會經濟發展特征,城鄉居民、各區域居民之間收入水平、生活條件、基礎設施建設等方面存在較大差異,進而表現出不同的生活能源消費水平、能源消費結構。研究探討各區域城鎮化對能源消費的貢獻效應,對我國持續城市化進程中規范能源管理、節能減排、調整能源結構、促進區域平衡發展等方面具有重要意義。

已有研究探討了世界各國城鎮化和能源消費、碳排放之間的關系[2-5]。針對中國的研究中,Fan等[6]、Zhang和Lin[7]用STIRPAT模型分別研究了全國層面上城鎮化對CO2排放的影響和東中西區域層面城鎮化對能源消費和碳排放的影響。Liu[8]通過誤差修正模型的因果檢驗得出結論:僅僅存在城鎮化對總能源消費的單項Granger因果關系。在這些研究中,作者大多采用各類回歸模型、因果檢驗模型來探討單個或多個國家、多個區域層面上城鎮化與能源消費的長期方向性影響關系(雙向或單項,正或負)。與之不同,本研究試圖用Divisia分解法研究城鎮化進程對我國四大區域生活能源消費的貢獻,分別從生活能源消費總量和不同能源品種消費角度開展研究。

1研究方法與數據

1.1Divisia指數分解法

采用絕對量形式的Divisia指數分解方法來研究城鎮化進程對居民生活直接用能的影響。Et表示t年度居民生活用能總量,E1,t和E2,t分別表示t年度城鎮和農村居民能源消費總量,Nt表示t年度人口總量。s1,t和s2,t分別表示t年度城鎮和農村人口占全國人口的比重,反映了城鎮化進程;e1,t和e2,t分別表示t年度城鎮和農村居民人均生活用能。

樊靜麗等:中國城鎮化與區域居民生活直接用能研究

中國人口·資源與環境2015年第1期

Et=∑2i=1Ei,t=∑2i=1Nt·si,t·ei,t

(1)

Et·=

∑2i=1Nt··si,t·ei,t+

∑2i=1Nt·s·i,t·ei,t+

∑2i=1Nt·si,t·e·i,t

=

∑2i=1Nt·Nt·si,t·ei,t·Nt+

∑2i=1Nt·s·i,tsi,t·ei,t·si,t+

∑2i=1Nt·si,t·e·i,tei,t·ei,t

=∑2i=1Ei,t·Nt·Nt+

∑2i=1Ei,t·s·tsi,t+

E1,t·e·1,te1,t+

E2,t·e·2,te2,t

(2)

對式(2)求曲線積分,得到

∫ΓEt·=

∫?!?i=1Ei,t·Nt·Nt+

∫?!?i=1Ei,t·s·tsi,t+

∫ΓE1,t·e·1,te1,t+

∫ΓE2,t·e·2,te2,t

(3)

Γ為積分路徑,表示在時間區間(0,Γ)內的曲線段。根據Hulten [9],在線性齊次條件下,式(3)的曲線積分與路徑無關,于是有:

ET-E0=

∫T0∑2i=1Ei,t·dlnNt

人口增長效應ΔEpop+

∫T0∑2i=1Ei,t·dlnsi,t

城鎮化效應ΔEurb+

∫T0Ei,t·dlne1,t

城鎮人均用能變化效應ΔEmeurb+

∫T0Ei,t·dlne2,t

農村人均用能變化效應ΔEmerur

(4)

式(4)是連續形式下的指數分解,由積分中值定理,在實際應用中將其近似寫成離散形式??梢圆捎肨rnqvist[10]指數法或Sato [11]-Vartia[12]指數法近似。這里采用更精確的SatoVartia指數法。

ΔE=ET-E0=ΔEpop+ΔEurb+ΔEeurb+ΔEerur+ΔErsd

(5)

其中,ΔErsd是余值部分,一般情況下接近于零,其余幾項分別為

ΔEpop=∑2i=1[(Ei,T-Ei,0)/(lnEi,T-lnEi,0)]·(lnNT-lnN0)

(6)

ΔEurb=∑2i=1[(Ei,T-Ei,0)/(lnEi,T-lnEi,0)]·(lnsi,T-lnsi,0)

(7)

ΔEeurb=[(E1,T-E1,0)/(lnE1,T-lnE1,0)]·(lne1,T-lne1,0)

(8)

ΔEerur=[(E2,T-E2,0)/(lnE2,T-lnE2,0)]·(lne2,T-lne2,0)

(9)

1.2數據來源及預處理

各省居民能源消費數據來源于《中國能源統計年鑒》的地區能源平衡表[13-14],并按照全國實物量/標準量能源平衡表的折算比將地區平衡表中實物量轉換為標準量(電熱當量法)。各類能源中,煤炭指煤合計量和焦炭之和,油品指油品合計,煤氣包括焦爐煤氣和其他煤氣,天然氣、熱力和電力與能源平衡表中的名稱一致。各省城鄉人口和總人口數據來源于《中國人口和就業統計年鑒2012》[15]。由于數據缺失,僅考察2000-2011年間的城鎮化與直接用能,其中四川省2000年城鄉人口數缺失,這里假設其比例與重慶一致。

2居民生活直接用能的城鎮化分解

我國幅員遼闊,人口眾多,面臨著區域發展不平衡的嚴峻挑戰。以四大區域劃分為例(見表1),2011年東、中、西和東北區域的人均GDP分別為5.31,2.92,2.77和4.14萬元/人,城鎮化水平分別為60.8%,45.5%,43.0%和58.7%。相應地,城鎮化進程對各區域生活直接用能的影響特點或將不同。由于部分省份城鎮和農村人口數據缺失,地區分解中僅比較2000-2011年間城鎮化進程對生活直接用能變化的影響效應。如圖1所示,2011年各區域居民生活用能總量分別是2000年的2-2.7倍,增量水平和增量結構也有所不同。

表1全國四大區域劃分方式

Tab.1Pattern of four regions division in China

地區劃分

Regions

省份

Provinces

東部區域

北京、天津、河北、上海、江蘇、浙江、福建、山東、廣東、海南

中部區域

山西、安徽、江西、河南、湖北、湖南

東北區域

遼寧、吉林、黑龍江

西部區域

內蒙古、廣西、重慶、四川、貴州、云南、西藏、陜西、甘肅、青海、寧夏、新疆

2.1各區域能源消費總量的城鎮化分解

與2000年相比,東、中、西部和東北區域居民2011年生活能源消費增量分別大約為6 383,2 565,4 736和2 306萬t標準煤,其中,城鎮化進程對各區域生活直接用能的貢獻分別為4.2%,20.6%,4.1%,-0.01%(見圖2)。這里由于東北區域農村人口增長略高于城鎮人口,整體城鎮

化率不但沒有提高,還略有降低,導致城鎮化效應為負值,因此,本文暫不深入探討城鎮化進程對東北區域居民生活

圖1各區域2000-2011年能源消費變化

Fig.1Changes of residential energy consumption

during 2000-2011 in China

圖22000-2011年各區域能源消費總量的城鎮化分解

Fig.2Urbanization effects of residential energy

consumption in China

用能增加的貢獻。此外,人口增長對東部區域居民生活用能貢獻最大,約為42.9%,反映了21世紀以來東部地區城

鄉人口迅速增長帶來的用能影響;對中、西部和東北部區

域居民生活用能增量的貢獻率卻均不足4%。2000-2011年間城鄉人均生活用能增加對各區域生活直接用能增量的貢獻較大,相對而言,東部區域、西部區域和東北區域城鎮人均生活用能增量對區域居民用能增量的貢獻比農村人均生活用能增量的貢獻更大,2000-2011年間貢獻程度基本上均在2 000萬t標準煤以上;而中部區域農村人均生活用能增量對居民用能增量的貢獻比城鎮人均生活用能的貢獻更大,亦接近2 000萬t標準煤,在一定程度反映了中部區域農村居民生活水平的廣泛提高。

從絕對量來看,城鎮化率提高對中部區域居民生活能源消費的貢獻最大,2000-2011年累計貢獻665萬t標準煤,是東部區域和西部區域的2.5倍和3.4倍,反映中部區域人口結構變化對直接用能的拉動作用;從邊際量來看,城鎮化率每提高一個百分點,由此引起的東、中、西部區域生活直接用能增量分別約為26.5,32.4和34.1萬t標準煤,盡管差異不大,但東部區域的平均城鎮化效應相對最小。

2.2各區域居民生活各種能源消費的城鎮化分解

2.2.1城鎮化進程對各區域居民生活煤炭消費變化的貢獻

與2000年相比,各區域2011年煤炭消費變化不同,東部地區居民生活煤炭消費減少近900萬t標煤,中部和東北區域降幅在6萬t標煤以內,而西部區域居民的生活煤炭消費量不降反升,增加了794萬t標準煤(圖1),反映了該時期城鎮化率增幅較大(增加20.5個百分點)。其中,城鎮化率提高對東、中、西部區域生活用煤變化的貢獻分別是-79.4,60.4和-36.9萬t標準煤(見圖3),城鎮人口比重和農村人口比重的此消彼長共同作用使城鎮化率效應相對其他效應較小。此外,東部區域生活煤炭消費量的減少主要由城鄉居民人均生活用煤量共同降低引起的;中部區域城鎮居民人均生活用煤量降低和農村居民人均生活用煤量增加對該區域居民生活用煤量變化的貢獻相當,方向相反,但絕對量均較大;西部區域生活煤炭消費量的增加主要由于城鎮和農村居民人均生活用煤量共同增加引起,其中后者貢獻是前者的4.3倍(見圖3)。城鎮化率每提高一個百分點,由此引起的東、中、西部區域居民生活用煤炭量的變化約為-7.8,2.9和-6.4萬t標準煤。

圖32000-2011年間各區域居民對煤炭消費的

城鎮化分解

Fig.3Urbanization effects of regional residential coal

consumption during 2000-2011 in China

2.2.2城鎮化進程對各區域居民生活油品消費變化的貢獻

與2000年相比,2011年各區域居民生活油品消費有所增長,其中,東部區域增加最多(3 554萬t標準煤),中、

西部和東北區域增加778-881萬t標準煤(圖1)。東、中、西部城鎮化率提高對該區域生活用油變化的貢獻率分別是4.5%,22.4%和4.8%;城鎮化率每提高一個百分點,由此引起的東、中、西部生活用油增量分別約為15.8,8.5和7.4萬t標準煤。此外,東部區域居民生活用油品增量由其他三項因素——人口增長、城鎮居民人均生活用油增加和農村居民人均生活用油增加——分別貢獻255%,44%和26%;城鎮居民和農村居民人均生活用油增加對中部區域和西部區域居民生活用油增加貢獻較大,在31.2%-53%之間;這兩項因素對東北區域居民生活用油增量的貢獻率合計高達97.7%(見圖4)。

圖42000-2011年間各區域居民對油品合計消費的

城鎮化分解

Fig.4Urbanization effects of regional residential oil

consumption during 2000-2011 in China

2.2.3城鎮化進程對各區域居民生活天然氣消費變化的貢獻

我國各區域天然氣消費增長迅速,2011年各區域對天然氣消費是2000年的8-15倍,遠高于其他能源消費增長速度(見圖1)。其中,東、中、西部區域分別增長854,345和1 001萬t標準煤,城鎮化率增加對三個區域生活天然氣消費增量的貢獻分別是7.6%,26.3%和67%。各區域城鎮居民人均生活天然氣消費量增加的貢獻占絕對主導地位,均在70%以上;人口增長僅對東部區域天然氣增量貢獻較大(貢獻率15.7%);東北區域2000-2011年間天然氣增量僅為55萬t標準煤,其中,主要由城鎮居民人均生活用能變化驅動,貢獻率達93%以上。城鎮化率每增長一個百分點,由此引起的東、中、西部天然氣消費增量分別約為6.4,4.4和11.7萬t標準煤(見圖5)。

2.2.4城鎮化進程對各區域居民生活熱力消費變化的貢獻

我國各區域居民對熱力消費增長較快,2011年是2000年的3-7倍,東、中、西部地區分別增長494,318,910萬t標準煤(見圖1),城鎮化率增加分別貢獻17.1%,

圖52000-2011年間各區域居民對天然氣消費的

城鎮化分解

Fig.5Urbanization effects of regional residential

natural gas consumption during 2000-2011 in China

34%,7.3%。東部區域人口增長效應貢獻15.7%,其他區域貢獻在3%以內(見圖6);城鎮居民人均生活用熱力消費增量對東北區域生活熱力消費增量貢獻在各區域均較大,其中對西部和東北區域貢獻達92%以上。城鎮化率每增加1個百分點,東、中、西部區域居民生活熱力消費增量將分別增加8.3,5.3,11.5萬t標準煤。

圖62000-2011年間各區域居民對熱力消費的

城鎮化分解

Fig.6Urbanization effects of regional residential heat

consumption during 2000-2011 in China

2.2.5城鎮化進程對各區域居民生活電力消費變化的貢獻

2011年東、中、西部區域居民生活電力消費是2000年的3.3-4.7倍,高于生活用能總量的增長幅度,分別增長約2 412,1 142,1 183萬t標準煤,東北區域居民生活用電量是2000年的2.3倍,增長817萬t標準煤(見圖1)。與居民油品消費變化不同,城鎮化率提高對東部區域居民生活用電增量的貢獻非常小,不足3%,對中部和西部區域生活用電增量的貢獻率分別為15.1%和3.4%;城鎮化率每提高一個百分點,由此引起的東、中、西部區域的生活用電量分別增加0.6,8.4和6.9萬t標準煤。其他因素對各區域居民生活用電增量的影響程度與油品合計消費增量的情形大致一致(見圖7)。

圖72000-2011年間各區域居民對電力消費的

城鎮化分解

Fig.7Urbanization effects of regional residential electricity

consumption during 2000-2011 in China

3主要結論與啟示

根據以上結果分析與討論,就各區域城鎮化與居民生活直接用能變化之間關系得出以下幾條結論。

(1)2000-2011年間,城鎮化進程對東、中、西部和東北區域居民生活直接用能的貢獻分別為4.2%,20.6%,4.1%,-0.01%,體現了各區域不同的城鎮化效應特征。此外,特別地,東部地區城鄉人口迅速增長導致該區域居民生活用能變化的人口增長效應高達42.9%;中部區域農村居民生活水平的廣泛提高使農村人均生活用能對中部區域居民用能增量的貢獻達61.2%。

(2)從絕對量來看,城鎮化率提高對中部區域居民生活能源消費的貢獻最大,累計665萬t標準煤,是東部和西部區域的2.5倍和3.4倍,反映了人口結構的變動對中部居民直接用能的明顯拉動作用;從邊際量來看,城鎮化率每提高一個百分點,對西部區域生活直接用能增量貢獻最大,為34萬t標煤,對東部區域增量貢獻最小,為26.5萬t標煤,地區間總體差異不大。

(3)中部區域城鎮化進程對該區域各類生活能源消費增量的貢獻,在各區域中均最大。與其他區域不同,中部區域城鎮化進程對煤炭消費有增量貢獻;東、中部區域城鎮化進程對油品消費增量的貢獻相近,是西部區域的3-4倍;東部區域城鎮化進程對電力消費增量的貢獻接近0;各區域城鎮化進程對天然氣和熱力消費增量的貢獻差別不大。

(4)城鎮化率每增加一個百分點,對各區域煤炭消費變化的相對排序與絕對量貢獻類似;對東部地區油品合計消費增量貢獻最大,分別是中西部區域的1.9和2.3倍;對東部區域電力消費增量貢獻遠低于中西部區域;對天然氣和熱力消費增量貢獻的情況類似,均是西部區域最高,是東部和中部的1.4-2.6倍。

致謝:本研究是在中國能源報告2010部分研究基礎上完成的,感謝廖華教授對部分研究內容的討論和建議,感謝杜云飛同學在數據收集方面提供的幫助,感謝北京理工大學能源與環境政策研究中心成員對研究的討論。

(編輯:劉照勝)

參考文獻(References)

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[2]Almulali U, Sab C N B C, et al. Exploring the Bidirectional Long Run Relationship between Urbanization, Energy Consumption, and Carbon Dioxide Emission[J]. Energy, 2012, 46(1):156-167.

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[5]Kazim A M. Assessments of Primary Energy Consumption and Its Environmental Consequences in the United Arab Emirates[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2007, 11(3):426-446.

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[8]Liu Y B. Exploring the Relationship between Urbanization and Energy Consumption in China Using ARDL (Autoregressive DistributedLag) and FDM (Factor Decomposition Model) [J]. Energy, 2009, 34(11):1846-1854.

[9]Hulten C R. Divisia Index Numbers[J]. Econometrica, 1973, 41 (6):1017-25.

[10]Trnqvist L. The Bank of Finlands Consumption Price Index[J]. Bank of Finland Monthly Bulletin, 1936, 10:1-8.

[11]Sato K. The Ideal Logchange Index Number[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1976, 58 (2):223-228.

[12]Vartia Y O. Ideal Logchange Index Numbers[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics Theory and Applications,1976, 3 (3):121-126.

[13]國家統計局.中國能源統計年鑒(2008)[M].北京:中國統計出版社,2009.[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2008)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2009.]

[14]國家統計局. 中國能源統計年鑒(2011)[M].北京:中國統計出版社,2012.[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2011)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2012.]

[15]國家統計局人口與就業統計司. 中國人口與就業統計年鑒2012[M].北京:中國統計出版社,2013.[Department of Population and Employment Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics of China. China Population and Employment Statistics Yearbook 2012[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press,2013.]

Urbanization Effect on Regional Household Energy Consumption in China

FAN JingLi1,2LIU Jian3ZHANG Xian4

(1. Faculty of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing(CUMTB),Beijing 100083,China;

2.Centre for Energy Environment Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;

3. 61741 Troops, the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army, Beijing 100094,China;

4. The Administrative Centre of Chinas Agenda 21, Beijing 100038, China)

AbstractChina is experiencing acceleration of urbanization process that with an average annual growth of 1.4% since 1996. Meanwhile residential energy consumption in China is also in a rapid growth in this period. Moreover, given the fact of Chinas unbalanced regional development, the evolutions of urbanization and residential energy use, and the relationships between them in different regions may differ from each other. This paper then studies the individual evolutions of urban effects on direct use of residential energy in Chinese four regions during 1996-2011. By using Divisia index decomposition method, we decompose the changes of residential energy consumption in four regions into four driving factors, i.e. population growth effect, urbanization effect, effect of urban residential energy consumption per capita and effect of rural residential energy consumption. Impacts of urbanization rate increase on residential energy consumption in eastern, western, and central regions are focused, of which absolute and marginal contributions on total energy consumption and each type of energy consumption are analyzed. The results show that: (1) urbanization rate increase contributes to residential energy consumption in eastern, central, western, northeastern regions by 4.2%, 20.6%, 4.1%, and -0.01% respectively. (2) Contribution from urbanization rate increases to residential energy consumption exists little difference among regions, of which that to eastern region is the least. (3) Unlike other regions, urbanization effect in central region on its coal consumption is positive; urbanization increases in eastern and central regions contribute to their oil consumption by 3-4 times of that in western region; urbanization effect in eastern region on its electricity consumption is close to zero. (4) Every one percentage rise in urbanization rate in eastern region contributes to its residential oil consumption by 1.9 and 2.3 times of that in central and western regions respectively, and the situations to natural gas consumption and heat consumption are similar, both with highest contribution in western region. The conclusions provide some implications for regional energy management and energy conservation and emission reduction.

Key wordsurbanization; residential energy consumption; divisia decomposition

[9]Hulten C R. Divisia Index Numbers[J]. Econometrica, 1973, 41 (6):1017-25.

[10]Trnqvist L. The Bank of Finlands Consumption Price Index[J]. Bank of Finland Monthly Bulletin, 1936, 10:1-8.

[11]Sato K. The Ideal Logchange Index Number[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1976, 58 (2):223-228.

[12]Vartia Y O. Ideal Logchange Index Numbers[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics Theory and Applications,1976, 3 (3):121-126.

[13]國家統計局.中國能源統計年鑒(2008)[M].北京:中國統計出版社,2009.[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2008)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2009.]

[14]國家統計局. 中國能源統計年鑒(2011)[M].北京:中國統計出版社,2012.[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2011)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2012.]

[15]國家統計局人口與就業統計司. 中國人口與就業統計年鑒2012[M].北京:中國統計出版社,2013.[Department of Population and Employment Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics of China. China Population and Employment Statistics Yearbook 2012[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press,2013.]

Urbanization Effect on Regional Household Energy Consumption in China

FAN JingLi1,2LIU Jian3ZHANG Xian4

(1. Faculty of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing(CUMTB),Beijing 100083,China;

2.Centre for Energy Environment Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;

3. 61741 Troops, the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army, Beijing 100094,China;

4. The Administrative Centre of Chinas Agenda 21, Beijing 100038, China)

AbstractChina is experiencing acceleration of urbanization process that with an average annual growth of 1.4% since 1996. Meanwhile residential energy consumption in China is also in a rapid growth in this period. Moreover, given the fact of Chinas unbalanced regional development, the evolutions of urbanization and residential energy use, and the relationships between them in different regions may differ from each other. This paper then studies the individual evolutions of urban effects on direct use of residential energy in Chinese four regions during 1996-2011. By using Divisia index decomposition method, we decompose the changes of residential energy consumption in four regions into four driving factors, i.e. population growth effect, urbanization effect, effect of urban residential energy consumption per capita and effect of rural residential energy consumption. Impacts of urbanization rate increase on residential energy consumption in eastern, western, and central regions are focused, of which absolute and marginal contributions on total energy consumption and each type of energy consumption are analyzed. The results show that: (1) urbanization rate increase contributes to residential energy consumption in eastern, central, western, northeastern regions by 4.2%, 20.6%, 4.1%, and -0.01% respectively. (2) Contribution from urbanization rate increases to residential energy consumption exists little difference among regions, of which that to eastern region is the least. (3) Unlike other regions, urbanization effect in central region on its coal consumption is positive; urbanization increases in eastern and central regions contribute to their oil consumption by 3-4 times of that in western region; urbanization effect in eastern region on its electricity consumption is close to zero. (4) Every one percentage rise in urbanization rate in eastern region contributes to its residential oil consumption by 1.9 and 2.3 times of that in central and western regions respectively, and the situations to natural gas consumption and heat consumption are similar, both with highest contribution in western region. The conclusions provide some implications for regional energy management and energy conservation and emission reduction.

Key wordsurbanization; residential energy consumption; divisia decomposition

[9]Hulten C R. Divisia Index Numbers[J]. Econometrica, 1973, 41 (6):1017-25.

[10]Trnqvist L. The Bank of Finlands Consumption Price Index[J]. Bank of Finland Monthly Bulletin, 1936, 10:1-8.

[11]Sato K. The Ideal Logchange Index Number[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1976, 58 (2):223-228.

[12]Vartia Y O. Ideal Logchange Index Numbers[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics Theory and Applications,1976, 3 (3):121-126.

[13]國家統計局.中國能源統計年鑒(2008)[M].北京:中國統計出版社,2009.[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2008)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2009.]

[14]國家統計局. 中國能源統計年鑒(2011)[M].北京:中國統計出版社,2012.[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2011)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2012.]

[15]國家統計局人口與就業統計司. 中國人口與就業統計年鑒2012[M].北京:中國統計出版社,2013.[Department of Population and Employment Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics of China. China Population and Employment Statistics Yearbook 2012[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press,2013.]

Urbanization Effect on Regional Household Energy Consumption in China

FAN JingLi1,2LIU Jian3ZHANG Xian4

(1. Faculty of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing(CUMTB),Beijing 100083,China;

2.Centre for Energy Environment Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;

3. 61741 Troops, the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army, Beijing 100094,China;

4. The Administrative Centre of Chinas Agenda 21, Beijing 100038, China)

AbstractChina is experiencing acceleration of urbanization process that with an average annual growth of 1.4% since 1996. Meanwhile residential energy consumption in China is also in a rapid growth in this period. Moreover, given the fact of Chinas unbalanced regional development, the evolutions of urbanization and residential energy use, and the relationships between them in different regions may differ from each other. This paper then studies the individual evolutions of urban effects on direct use of residential energy in Chinese four regions during 1996-2011. By using Divisia index decomposition method, we decompose the changes of residential energy consumption in four regions into four driving factors, i.e. population growth effect, urbanization effect, effect of urban residential energy consumption per capita and effect of rural residential energy consumption. Impacts of urbanization rate increase on residential energy consumption in eastern, western, and central regions are focused, of which absolute and marginal contributions on total energy consumption and each type of energy consumption are analyzed. The results show that: (1) urbanization rate increase contributes to residential energy consumption in eastern, central, western, northeastern regions by 4.2%, 20.6%, 4.1%, and -0.01% respectively. (2) Contribution from urbanization rate increases to residential energy consumption exists little difference among regions, of which that to eastern region is the least. (3) Unlike other regions, urbanization effect in central region on its coal consumption is positive; urbanization increases in eastern and central regions contribute to their oil consumption by 3-4 times of that in western region; urbanization effect in eastern region on its electricity consumption is close to zero. (4) Every one percentage rise in urbanization rate in eastern region contributes to its residential oil consumption by 1.9 and 2.3 times of that in central and western regions respectively, and the situations to natural gas consumption and heat consumption are similar, both with highest contribution in western region. The conclusions provide some implications for regional energy management and energy conservation and emission reduction.

Key wordsurbanization; residential energy consumption; divisia decomposition

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