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銀杏葉提取物防治阿爾茨海默病的研究新進展

2016-02-17 17:49李為貴王彬彬付紅燕
中國醫藥導報 2016年12期
關鍵詞:內質網銀杏葉內酯

李為貴  王彬彬  付紅燕

湖北省鄂東醫療集團黃石市中醫醫院內科,湖北黃石 435000

銀杏葉提取物防治阿爾茨海默病的研究新進展

李為貴王彬彬付紅燕

湖北省鄂東醫療集團黃石市中醫醫院內科,湖北黃石435000

阿爾茨海默?。ˋD)是嚴重危害中老年人健康的神經系統退行性疾病,積極尋求防治AD的有效策略,已經成為重大的公共衛生問題。銀杏葉提取物銀杏葉提取物(EGb)是目前臨床防治AD的常用藥物之一,并且具有較為理想的效果。EGb761可保護血腦屏障結構與功能,其機制與EGb761改善細胞活力、抑制細胞凋亡與內源性活性氧生成和下調晚期糖化終產物受體表達等密切相關;EGb可明顯促進熱休克蛋白70和葡萄糖調節蛋白表達,激活內質網應激和Akt信號通路,從而抑制β-淀粉樣蛋白(Aβ)的神經毒性,保護神經,以兔受損。本文對EGb在防治AD中的作用與機制研究的新進展進行綜述。

阿爾茨海默??;銀杏葉提取物EGb;機制

[Abstract]A1zheimer's disease(AD)is a serious nervous system degenerative disease,which damages to the hea1th of midd1e-aged and e1der1y peop1e.It is a major pub1ic hea1th prob1em to seek effective strategies for prevention and treatment of AD.Ginkgo bi1oba extract(EGb)is one of the common drugs to prevent and to treat AD and has an idea1 effect.EGb761 has protective effects on the structure and function,which may be re1ated to the decrease in Aβ-triggered ce11 injury,ce11s apoptosis and intrace11u1ar reactive oxygen species generation,and down-expression of receptor for advanced g1ycation end-products.EGb has neuroprotective effects,which may be re1ated to endop1asmic reticu1um stress activation and upexpression of HSP70 and GRP78 expression,and subsequent activation of Akt signa1ing pathway.The nove1 progress of effects and mechanisms of EGb for the prevention and treatment of AD was summarized in the present paper.

[Key words]A1zheimer's disease;Ginkgo bi1oba extract;Mechanism

阿爾茨海默?。ˋ1zheimer's disease,AD)是一種以認知功能障礙和近期記憶障礙為主要臨床表現和以進行性中樞神經系統(centra1 nervous system,CNS)退行性變化為主要特征的疾病,其腦部主要病理學特征為大腦皮質萎縮和神經細胞喪失等,是癡呆的最常見類型[1-2],嚴重危害中老年人的健康和生活質量。AD發病機制尚未完全闡明,臨床上也缺乏有效的防治措施。深入闡明AD的發生機制,積極尋求防治AD的有效策略,這已經成為重大的公共衛生問題。中醫藥在防治AD方面展示其獨特優勢和前景,如銀杏葉提取物(Ginkgo bi1oba extract,EGb)在防治AD中具有較為理想的效果[3],本文對此研究領域的最新進展進行綜述。

1 AD發生的主要新機制

Aβ沉積在腦實質引起CNS損傷是AD的特征性病理改變。近期研究發現血腦屏障損傷新機制:Aβ除引起CNS損傷,Aβ沉積于腦微血管壁可引起血管內皮細胞損傷和血腦屏障功能障礙,這也是AD的重要病理變化特征[4]。Aβ沉積于腦血管系統,破壞血腦屏障結構的完整性,導致血腦屏障功能受損和腦血流減少,腦內毒性代謝產物堆積,從而加速AD病變進展[4-7]。

2 EGb的應用

銀杏屬于銀杏科植物(Ginkgo biloba L.),銀杏葉為銀杏科植物銀杏的葉,EGb是從銀杏葉中提取的具有獨特藥理活性的混合物。國際上標準銀杏葉提取物是按德國Schwabe專利工藝生產的EGb761[8]。一系列研究認為,EGb的主要活性成分有:①黃酮類,主要有三羥黃酮等,約占EGb總成分的24%[9];②萜內酯類,主要包括銀杏內酯類和雙葉內酯,約占EGb總成分的6%[10];③有機酸類,主要包括香草酸等,其中喹啉酸屬于興奮性氨基酸拮抗劑,具有減輕神經細胞損傷和腦部缺血的作用,占EGb總成分的5%~10%[11]。還含有聚戊烯醇類酯等[12]?;钚猿煞挚傸S酮醇苷及銀杏內酯有擴張血管和改善微循環等作用[13]。EGb對多種疾病都具有一定的治療作用[14]。

3 EGb在防治阿爾茨海默病中的效果與機制

EGb可明顯改善AD患者認知功能和學習記憶功能,被認為是“記憶增強劑”,具有清除活性氧自由基、改善線粒體功能、抑制Aβ神經毒性和促進神經元再生與修復等作用[15-16]。EGb具有促進血液循環和改善認知等功能,是臨床改善腦缺血和AD等疾病認知功能的重要藥物[15]。夏世金[17-18]課題組研究最新發現,EGb761可抑制Aβ誘導的血腦屏障損傷,其機制與EGb761改善細胞活力、抑制細胞凋亡與內源性活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)生成和抑制晚期糖化終產物受體(receptorforadvancedg1ycationend-products,RAGE)表達密切相關;EGb可促進熱休克蛋白70(heat shock protein 70,HSP70)和葡萄糖調節蛋白78(g1ucose-regu1ated protein 78,GRP78)表達,激活內質網應激(endop1asmic reticu1um stress,ERS)和Akt信號通路,抑制Aβ神經毒性,保護神經功能。

3.1EGb保護血腦屏障

血腦屏障是機體重要屏障之一,對維持腦內環境穩定和保證大腦正常功能極為重要[19-20]。腦微血管內皮細胞(brain microvascu1ar endothe1ia1 ce11s,BMEC)是血腦屏障的基本骨架[19]。BMEC以其顯著的特異性在血腦屏障特性及物質轉運功能中發揮重要作用[21-22]。Hartz等[23]證實,AD患者存在血腦屏障結構完整性受損,緊密連接(tight junction,TJ)蛋白水平顯著降低。在體動物及體外細胞研究也發現Aβ可引起TJ蛋白水平下降和血腦屏障通透性增加[23-25]。血腦屏障功能及其低滲性主要依賴于內皮間TJ,后者是血腦屏障功能的重要結構基礎和功能保障。各種原因引起的TJ破壞都將導致血腦屏障損傷,繼而出現CNS內環境紊亂,加速中樞病變進展[26]。TJ主要由相關鉸鏈蛋白ZO(ZO-1、2、3)、C1audin(C1audin-1、3、5、12)和Occ1udin構成[19-20,27]。血腦屏障結構完整性與TJ正常組合開放及關閉有關,TJ蛋白表達減少或蛋白分布異常均能引起TJ結構改變,導致血腦屏障結構完整性破壞和通透性增加。研究中血腦屏障通透性增加可能與TJ蛋白減少有關。Wan等[17]研究發現,Aβ處理內皮細胞后,ZO-1、C1audin-5及Occ1udin等內皮細胞間緊密連接蛋白含量減少,血腦屏障受損;而EGb761能抑制Aβ誘導的血腦屏障損傷,上調ZO-1,C1audin-5和Occ1udin表達,保護血腦屏障,其機制與EGb761改善細胞活力、抑制細胞凋亡與內源性ROS生成等相關。

3.2EGb抑制RAGE表達

RAGE是晚期糖化終產物(advanced g1ycation endproducts,AGEs)的一種特征性細胞表面受體,屬于兔疫球蛋白超家族成員。RAGE除與AGEs結合,還能與高遷移率族蛋白-1(high mobi1ity group box 1,HMGB-1)和Aβ等多種配體結合調節細胞生命活動[28]。Aβ-RAGE相互作用還能激活核因子-кB(nuc1ear factor-кB,NF-кB),上調RAGE表達,激活Aβ介導的正反饋損傷效應[28-30]。腦內RAGE表達上調與AD神經元損傷相關。BMEC上極微量表達的RAGE是參與血腦屏障轉運Aβ的重要載體之一,其與低密度脂蛋白受體相關蛋白-1(LDH receptor re1ated protein,LRP-1)協同維持腦內Aβ正常水平[31]。LRP-1將腦內Aβ轉運至外周血液循環,經肝臟代謝清除,RAGE則將血液中Aβ轉運入腦沉積。在AD中,LRP-1表達減少,RAGE含量顯著增加[31]。Ma等[32]研究表明,基質金屬蛋白酶(matrix meta11oproteinases,MMPs)與多種病變引起的血腦屏障通透性增加有關,而抑制MMP活性能阻斷血腦屏障損傷途徑。RAGE是Aβ誘導血腦屏障損傷過程的重要環節,其機制與RAGE介導Aβ細胞毒性、激活RAGE下游信號途徑、引起MMP-2與MMP-9表達相關[26]。Wan等[17]研究發現,EGb761能顯著抑制RAGE表達,從而改善AD中血腦屏障功能。

3.3EGb激活內質網應激

ERS與AD密切相關[33-34]。Song等[35]研究顯示,Aβ可通過激活ERS介導細胞凋亡,從而加速AD進程。淀粉樣蛋白假說(Amy1oid cascade hypothesis)認為,Aβ沉積可進一步引起SP形成、tau蛋白的過度磷酸化和神經元凋亡等一系列事件[36-37]。HSP70可作為分子伴侶蛋白指導錯誤折疊蛋白的再折疊,增強HSP70的表達可抑制蛋白質錯誤折疊所引起的神經毒性,還能增強細胞的抗氧化應激和抗凋亡能力,從而保護細胞,以兔其受損[38-39]。此外,HSP70的過表達在AD動物模型及細胞模型中被認為具有保護作用[40-41]。Aβ亦可引起內質網應激,并激活線粒體和內質網介導的細胞凋亡途徑[42-43],而具有內質網應激的標志蛋白之稱的GRP78則被募集,GRP78與異常堆積蛋白結合,維持內質網內環境穩態,增強細胞抗應激能力[44]。Liu等[18]研究發現,EGb能明顯減少細胞凋亡發生,明顯上調細胞內HSP70和GRP78蛋白表達,以激活內質網應激,減緩內質網途徑細胞凋亡,從而抑制Aβ1-42神經毒性,EGb的這種神經保護作用可能與其激活Akt信號通路有關。

然而,上述研究僅僅以體外研究為主,對RAGE在AD中血腦屏障損傷中的作用仍需更多和更深入的探索,需要開展在體研究加以驗證,同時還將從炎癥等角度進一步闡述RAGE參與血腦屏障損傷的機制,為揭示RAGE的關鍵作用與機制提供更多實驗依據,對深入闡明EGb防治AD的作用與機制具有重要的理論意義和應用價值。

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The novel progress of the prevention and treatment of Ginkgo biloba extract for Alzheimer's disease

LI Weigui WANG BinbinFU Hongyan
Department of Interna1,Huangshi TCM Hospita1,Edong Hea1thcare,Hubei Province,Huangshi 435000,China

R961.1

A

1673-7210(2016)04(c)-0061-04

李為貴(1965.1-),男,副主任醫師,主要從事中西醫結合防治內科疾病的臨床與科研。

付紅燕(1967.1-),女,主任醫師,主要從事中西醫結合治療肛腸病的的臨床與科研。

2016-01-12本文編輯:趙魯楓)

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