□高德勝
透析中考英語中動詞的語態
□高德勝
動詞的語態在各地的中考題中是重要的考點。英語的語態分成兩種:主動語態和被動語態,在這里我們主要探討被動語態的用法。中考都考查了哪些時態的被動語態,讓我們一看究竟吧。
1.一般現在時(am∕is∕are+及物動詞的過去分詞)
The classroom is always kept clean.教室總是保持得很干凈。
2.一般過去時(was∕were+及物動詞的過去分詞)
The story was told by her.這個故事是她講的。
3.一般將來時(shall∕will+be+及物動詞的過去分詞)
The problem will be discussed tomorrow.這個問題將在明天討論。
4.情態動詞(情態動詞+be+及物動詞的過去分詞)
These books can’t be taken out of the reading room.這些書不能被帶出閱覽室。
5.現在完成時(have∕has+been+及物動詞的過去分詞)
The novel has been read.這本小說已經被讀過了。
【例1】Students do less homework now.Usually itbefore 9 o’clock in the evening.
A.finishesB.finished
C.is finishedD.was finished(2016·重慶A卷)
【解析】根據句意“現在學生的家庭作業少了,通常在晚上九點前就能做完”。在這個句子中,主語it是動作finish的承受者,故選用被動語態。又由于做作業是經常性的情況,故要用一般現在時的被動語態。故選C。
【例2】Some students in this schoolabroad as exchange students every year.
A.sentB.sendC.are sent(2015·四川自貢)
【解析】考查被動語態的用法。句意:每年這所學校的有些學生被派往國外做交換生。主語students與謂語動詞send之間是被動關系,故選C。
【例3】Paperfirstabout 2,000 years ago in China.
A.is,creatingB.is,created
C.has,createdD.was,created(2016·天津)
【解析】根據時間狀語about 2,000 years ago可知要用一般過去時的被動語態,故選D。
【例4】—I want to borrow the book,but I don’t know how long it may.
—For two weeks.
A.borrowB.be borrowed
C.keepD.be kept(2016·青海西寧)
【解析】本題考查情態動詞的被動語態。主語it和謂語動詞存在動賓關系,應用被動語態,并且此處應填一個延續性動詞,故選D。
【例5】A new roadnear my school next year.
A.buildsB.will build
C.is builtD.will be built(2016·北京)
【解析】考查時態辨析。根據時間狀語next year可知要用將來時。由于本句的主語a new road與謂語動詞存在動賓關系,故要用一般將來時的被動語態。故選D。
1.把主動語態變為被動語態時,其謂語動詞的時態要與原句時態保持一致,其謂語動詞的數要與變換后的主語保持一致。如:
We have bought a new computer.
A new computer has been bought.(正確)
A new computer have been bought.(錯誤)
2.某些動詞形式上是主動語態,但含有被動的意思。如:
This kind of dictionary sells well.這種詞典很好銷。
The bike needs repairing.=The bike needs to be repaired.那輛自行車需要修理了。
3.主動語態中有些動詞,如:make,see,listen,watch,feel后常跟不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語,變為被動語態時要加上to。如:
He made the man work 14 hours a day.→The man was made to work 14 hours a day.
4.含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時,可將其中的一個賓語變為主語,另一個不變,通常將間接賓語變為主語。如:
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.→I was given a present on my birthday.我的叔叔在我生日時送給我一個禮物。
如果把直接賓語(指物)改為主語,則在間接賓語(指人)前加適當的介詞,如上句還可以說:A present was given to me yesterday.
注意:1.一般在下列動詞后,間接賓語前用介詞to,如:bring,give, hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。如:
The book was showed to the class.這本書向全班同學展示了。
My bike was lent to her.我的自行車借給她了。
5.一般在下列動詞后,間接賓語前用介詞for,如:
build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order, paint,play,sing等。如:
A new skirt was made for me.我做了一件新裙子。
Some country music was played for us.我們彈奏了一些鄉村音樂。
6.由“動詞+介詞”或“動詞+副詞”構成的短語動詞,要把它們作為整體來看,即把它們看成及物動詞,介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動詞有:
(1)不及物動詞+介詞,如:
agree to,ask for,laugh at,operate on,listen to,look after,think of, talk about等。如:
The patient is being operated on.這個病人正在做手術。
It needn’t be talked about.這個不需要被討論。
(2)及物動詞+副詞,如:
bring about,cary out,find out,give up,hand in,make out,pass on, point out,put away,put off,think over,turn down,work out,turn out等。如:
His request was turned down.他的要求被拒絕了。
The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.由于惡劣的天氣,運動會將延期舉行。