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聚合酶鏈反應與血清酶聯免疫吸附試驗在生殖器皰疹中的應用對比分析

2016-11-26 00:34王蘭芳林娟王小敏吉貞料
中國性科學 2016年9期

王蘭芳 林娟 王小敏 吉貞料

【摘要】目的:考察聚合酶鏈反應(PCR)與血清酶聯免疫吸附試驗(ELISA)在生殖器皰疹中的應用效果差異。方法:選取140例生殖器皮膚、黏膜損傷患者,分別采用聚合酶鏈反應與血清酶聯免疫吸附試驗檢測標本中單純皰疹病毒,對兩種結果不符患者采用第二種PCR進行檢測。結果:140例樣本中,PCR檢測出陽性樣本59例,單純HSV-1感染患者6例,單純HSV-2感染患者46例,混合感染患者7例。ELISA檢出陽性樣本57例。140例樣本中,有17例結果不符,采用第二種PCR進行檢查證實,ELISA檢測法敏感性為96.3%、特異性為98.8%、陽性預測值為89.8%。PCR法敏感性為97.1%、特異性為92.8%、陽性預測值為95.6%。結論:相比于PCR法,ELISA法具有更高的敏感度和特異性,避免了樣本間的相互污染,具有臨床應用價值。

【關鍵詞】生殖器皰疹;PCR檢測;ELISA檢測

【Abstract】Objectives: To compare the detection effect of polymerase chain reaction and enzyme immunoassay on herpes simplex virus infection. Methods: A total of 140 patients were selected in this study. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) were used to detect herpes simplex virus respectively. Another PCR method was applied when the results were different.Results: Among those 140 patients, through PCR, there were 57 positive cases, 6 cases of HSV-1 infection, 46 cases of HSV-2 Infection and 7 cases of mixed infection detected. Through ELISA, there were 59 positive cases. Among 140 cases, 17 cases showed no coherent results. In comparison with PCR detection, the sensitivities, specificities and positive predictive values of ELISA were 96.3%, 98.8%, and 89.8%, PCR were 97.1%, 92.8% and 95.6% respectively. Conclusion: It is indicated that ELISA is simple, rapid, high sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of genital herpes; the method is suitable for the testing of large batches of clinical specimens, which is recommended for clinical application.

【Key words】Genital herpes; Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection; Enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) detection

【中圖分類號】R752.1【文獻標志碼】A

生殖器皰疹(genital herpes,GH)是臨床上最為常見的性傳播疾病之一,感染患者不僅生理健康受到嚴重威脅,還會顯著影響患者生存質量[1,2]。精確的診斷是治療生殖器皰疹的基礎,然而目前臨床上多以臨床經驗進行診斷,錯誤率較高且敏感度較低[3,4]。PCR和ELISA是兩種常用的病毒感染臨床檢驗方法,分別檢測病原的DNA和蛋白質[5,6]。然而,兩種方法應用于生殖器皰疹病毒的檢測效果卻少有比較。

1材料與方法

1.1病人

選取門診收治的疑似生殖器皰疹病毒感染患者140例,入選標準:(1)年齡15~70歲;(2)生殖器部位皮膚或黏膜損傷;(3)近2周內未服用抗病毒藥物或抗生素,損害局部未用藥?;颊咧橥夂?,取局部滲出液或水泡液送檢,分別進行PCR和ELISA檢測。

1.2檢測

PCR檢測采用單純皰疹病毒Ⅰ和Ⅱ型核酸分型檢測試劑盒(中山大學達安基因股份有限公司,批號H20131025)及HSV核酸擴增試劑盒(中山大學達安基因股份有限公司,批號H20140219),先使用分型檢測試劑盒進行檢測,若檢測結果與ELISA檢測不相同則使用HSV核酸擴增試劑盒進行第二次檢測。ELISA檢測采用單純皰疹病毒抗原酶聯免疫試劑盒(丹麥DAKO公司,批號K20140513)。檢測步驟均嚴格依照說明書進行。

1.3統計學方法

使用SPSS 19.0軟件統計分析,計數資料采用率表示,計算ELISA和PCR法測定的敏感性、特異性、陰性及陽性預測值。

2結果

2.1檢測情況

入選樣本140例,其中男性97例,女性43例。年齡17~69歲,平均(37.9±7.2)歲。PCR檢測出陽性樣本59例檢出率42.1%,單純HSV-1感染患者6例,單純HSV-2感染患者46例,混合感染患者7例。ELISA檢出陽性樣本57例檢出率40.7%。140例樣本中,有12例結果不符,采用第二種PCR進行檢查證實,具體結果見表1。

2.2兩種診斷方法評價

利用兩種診斷方法進行檢測,出現9例ELISA檢測陰性而PCR-HSV陽性,經第二次PCR后6例陰性,3例陽性。而3例ELISA檢測陽性而PCR-HSV陰性樣本中,經第二次PCR后1例陰性,2例陽性。分型PCR的敏感性、特異性、陽性預測率和陰性預測率分別為96.3%、92.8%、89.8%、94.4%。ELISA的敏感性、特異性、陽性預測率和陰性預測率分別為97.1%、98.8%、95.6%、94.0%。

3討論

性傳播疾病中生殖器皰疹病毒感染最為常見,且HSV感染常與HIV感染并發,有研究稱HSV感染會促進HIV的傳播[7]。流行病學調查顯示,我國的生殖器皰疹發病率為萬分之一至萬分之五[8-10]。目前,對于生殖器皰疹的診斷主要依據患者的臨床癥狀進行判斷,但是部分患者臨床癥狀不典型或合并了其他疾病如梅毒、尖銳濕疣等[11-13],增加了檢測難度,因此依據實驗室檢查增加檢測靈敏度和特異性有助于改善HSV感染患者的治療。

目前,對于HSV實驗室檢測的方法包括:血清抗體[14]、PCR[15]、細胞培養[16]和抗原檢測等[17]。細胞培養靈敏度和特異性最佳,但其技術要求較高,培養周期較長不適合臨床應用。血清抗體檢測最為方便快捷,但其靈敏度和特異性較差[18]。ELISA和PCR是兩種靈敏度、特異性較高且臨床應用較為簡便的實驗室檢測方法。PCR法敏感性高,在痕量組織中便可以擴增到目的條帶,尤其是隨著酶學的進步各種高保真擴增酶和抗雜質擴增酶的出現使得PCR檢測法可以良好的檢測樣本。然而由于PCR反應過于靈敏因此其容易出現樣本間的污染導致假陽性,特異性較低。ELISA法同樣具有較高的敏感性,且特異性也具有較高的保障,但操作較PCR復雜[20]。本研究中分型PCR的敏感性、特異性、陽性預測率和陰性預測率分別為96.3%、92.8%、89.8%、94.4%,也側面證實了這一情況。ELISA法是檢測HSV的保守蛋白,由于檢測反應不涉及擴增操作,因此不容易出現樣本間的污染。本研究證實,ELISA的敏感性、特異性、陽性預測率和陰性預測率分別為97.1%、98.8%、95.6%、94.0%,與分型PCR法相比較具有更高的特異性和陽性預測率。然而,由于本研究中應用的ELISA檢測試劑盒無法進行分型檢測,因此對于需要具體鑒別HSV亞型的情況可以聯合應用兩種檢測方法以提高檢測準確性。

綜上所述,相比于PCR法,ELISA法具有更高的敏感度和特異性,避免了樣本間的相互污染,具有臨床應用價值。

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(收稿日期:2015-11-02)

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