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2017年高考英語閱讀理解題解題攻略(一)

2016-12-23 01:49吳元培
試題與研究·高考英語 2016年3期
關鍵詞:主旨段落題型

吳元培

閱讀理解是高考試題的重點,不僅考查考生對語篇的整體把握能力,而且考查快速捕捉信息、準確理解特定細節以及復雜句子的能力;不僅要能準確理解文章表層的意思,還要能通過表層去推理、判斷。除此之外,還涉及非語言因素,如掌握所學語言國家的社會和文化背景知識、生活常識、邏輯知識和語言修養等。

一、閱讀理解題的特點

1.閱讀理解的題型可分為:主旨大意題、細節理解題、推理判斷題、猜測詞義題等。其中以細節理解題與推理判斷題為主,通過捕捉細節,分析細節,從而歸納或推測出正確答案。

2.高考英語閱讀理解文章體裁廣泛,一般有記敘文、描寫文、說明文、應用文和論述文。不同的文體有不同的段落組織方式和脈絡層次。記敘文往往按時間順序展開段落,文章有明顯表示時間先后的詞語。閱讀時抓住時間這條主線,弄清who,what,when,where,why與how。描寫文通過細節的描寫來反映事物的特征、性質。對這種文章要迅速弄清其主題,主題詞往往貫穿文章的始末;緊緊圍繞這個主題進行閱讀,找到文章與之有關的信息,并確定信息與主題的關系。說明文多見于科普文章,用以解釋或揭示事物的狀態、特征、演變、結果及其相互之間的關系,這類文章的首句往往是主題句,說明文章所關注的對象。論述文滲透作者的個人觀點、態度,閱讀論述文應該從文體的結構特點入手。作者往往通過過渡詞和關聯詞來組織段落與文章,對過渡詞的迅速捕捉和對關聯詞的準確判斷是至關重要的。此外,要特別注意區分作者的觀點與文章所提到的人物的觀點,同時注意作者所使用的表示贊同、反對等感情色彩的詞匯。

3.閱讀理解題材多樣,有科普類、人物傳記、故事類、歷史地理文化類、廣告和新聞報道類、政治經濟、社會熱點類等。閱讀材料多為近年來國內外報刊、雜志上具有時代性的原汁原味的文章,并且具有鮮明的英語語言文化特點和濃厚的時代氣息。

4.閱讀理解難度適中,包括難題、中等難度試題與容易試題,其中以中等難度試題為主,體現了大綱的要求。近年來對深層次理解試題考查力度加大。

二、閱讀理解各類題型解題策略

(一)主旨大意題

1.題型特點與命題方式

主旨大意題屬于綜合理解題,主要考查考生對文章進行概括或總結的能力,要求考生在閱讀文章時,能夠提煉出文章的中心思想,體會作者的寫作意圖,充分運用邏輯概括能力,透過字里行間獲取文章最具代表性的觀點、論點以及作者的情感傾向。只有通過閱讀掌握了文章的主題,才能正確理解文章,進而根據文章的事實細節推測作者的態度和觀點。此類題型的題干設問方式有:

(1)標題類常見題干

① The best title/headline for this passage might be _________.

② What is the best title for the passage?

③ Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?

④ The subject discussed in this text is_________.

(2)大意類常見題干

① Whats the main idea of this passage?

② The general/main idea of the passage is about_________.

③What does the writer mainly tell us?

④ Which of the following can summarize the main idea of this text?

⑤ Which of the following best expresses the main idea?

2.解題思路與策略

(1)主旨大意題解題思路

①尋找主題句,確定文章大意。在許多情況下,尤其是在閱讀說明文和議論文時,根據其篇章特點我們可以通過尋找短文的主題句來歸納文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況:開頭、中間、結尾(或在開頭結尾同時出現首尾呼應的主題句)。因此,要準確地抓住文章的主題思想,就要十分留意文章的開頭和結尾。抓住文中具有概括性的信息,從上下文連貫的意思來理解全文,看作者主要談的是什么,透過文字敘述的過程來歸納主題,再從選擇項中找出最符合表達主題思想的選項。有些干擾項,從局部看也許不算錯,但從全局來看卻是片面的??忌谧鲱}時不要被局部現象所迷惑,而忽略了文章的整體思想。

②抓住段落大意,概括中心思想。尋找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在尋找各段落中心句的基礎上。各段落中心句的整體歸納形成文章的中心思想。在這個過程中,不能僅依據只言片語或某一段落,而應該綜合全文的結構安排,理解文章濃墨重筆的“重心”,考慮文章的材料及支撐性細節是服務于什么,分析故事情節圍繞什么發展,最后用簡明扼要的文字將文章的中心思想表達出來。

③抓住文章主線和關鍵詞語,歸納文章中心。不是所有的段落都有主題句,有時主題句隱含在段落中。閱讀這樣的文章,就需要考生根據文章的細節來分析,進而概括出段落的主題,推導出文章的主旨。分析的方法是,先弄清各段落主要講了什么內容,這些內容在邏輯上有什么聯系,然后加以歸納形成主題。

(2)主旨大意題解題策略

做此類題時常用略讀法??焖匍喿x文章的首段和尾段的首句或尾句或每段的首句或尾句,找出各個段落的主題句,重點搜索主題信息。著眼于全文結構安排,了解文章的重心,就能概括出文章的中心。文章的標題是中心思想最精煉的表達形式,選擇的標題意義范圍要能涵蓋全文,不能太大也不能太小。命題者常常利用生活常識編造干擾項,把文中的細節當主旨,利用局部信息編造干擾項。因此做主旨大意題時考生不能以偏概全、不能過于籠統、言過其實,也不能把讀者的觀點強加給作者。下面結合高考試題,談談標題類與大意類主旨大意題的解題策略。

①標題類。

標題是段落中心思想最精煉的表達形式。在閱讀中不僅要求考生能夠通過自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想,而且還要對概括出的中心思想加以提煉,擬定出段落的標題,這樣在測試中就能迅速而準確地選出答案。

文章標題可以是單詞,短語,也可以是句子。標題可幫助讀者迅速推測出整篇文章的主要內容,抓住文章討論的中心。作者往往對文章的主題有意識地反復論述,抓住反復出現的中心詞,即高頻詞,就能把握文章的中心。中心詞的特點是:短小精悍,多為短語;涵蓋性強,一般要求能覆蓋全文,其確定的范圍要恰當,既不能太大,也不能太??;精確性強,不能隨意改變語言表意的程度及色彩。

【典例】Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(監控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking peoples e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories. (2016年全國III卷,D篇)

15. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide

B. Online News Attracts More People

C. Reading Habits Change with the Times

D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks

解析: D。主旨大意題。根據文章第一段中“By tracking peoples e-mails ... disasters and sob stories.”可知,好消息在網絡上傳播更快,影響更深遠;由此可知本文主要講在網絡普及的年代好消息在網絡上傳播比壞消息更快。

②大意類。

解答該題型最關鍵的是找出主題句,把握文章主旨。概括主旨的方法是:先看首尾或各段開頭再看全文找主題句,若無明顯主題句,則通過關鍵詞句來概括(如議論文中尋找表達作者觀點態度的詞句,記敘文中尋找概括情節和中心的動詞或反映人物特點的形容詞)。文中出現兩種或兩種以上的不同觀點時,務必牢記作者的觀點才是體現全文中心的。此時,要注意一些轉折詞,如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等,文章或段落的主題句常會出現在一些標志性的提示詞后。當文章中表示相反的觀點時,往往用到這些詞。答題時要弄清哪個是作者的觀點,排除迷惑性信息,準確歸納主旨大意。

【考例】Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort—the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world—is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution(進化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, “It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.” (2016年浙江卷,C篇)

53. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?

A. The world may be more clearly explained through childrens play.

B. Studying babies play may lead to a better understanding of science.

C. Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.

D. Ones drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.

解析:B。段落大意題。根據本段的第一句“Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.”可知本段大意是:研究孩子能夠讓人們更好地了解科學。

(二)細節理解題

1.題型特點與命題方式

這一題型大多根據文中具體信息如事實、例證、原因、過程、論述等進行提問。一般包括直接理解題(在原文中可直接找到答案,常見的類型有對號入座題、是非判斷題、表格理解題等)、語義轉化題(需要將題目信息與原文相關信息進行語義上的轉換,兩者存在表達上的差異,有時需要進行加工或整理后方能得出結論,比如:數字計算、排序題、正誤判斷等),抓住文中的事實和細節是做好該題型的關鍵。此類題型的題干設問方式有:

(1) When/Where did the story happen?

(2) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?

(3) The author mentions all of the following except...

(4) All the statements are true except...

(5) Which of the following statements is (not) correct according to the passage?

(6) Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?

(7) The writer mentions all of the items listed below except ______.

(8) Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?

(9) From the passage we know that ______.

該題型幾乎都可以在文中直接找到與答案有關的信息,或者其變體,所以搜查信息在閱讀中非常重要,包括理解作者在敘述某事時使用的具體事實、數據、圖表等細節信息。

2.解題思路與策略

(1)細節理解題解題思路

①先讀題后看文??焖偻ㄗx全文,大致了解不同信息間的差異,為解決問題儲備信息;同時適度關注轉折、否定、列舉、同位語、插入語、定語等。

②確定題干與選項中的關鍵詞。根據題目要求,從題干與選項中抓住關鍵性詞語,以此為線索,通過略讀和尋讀快速而準確地在文中尋找與此問題相關的段落、語句,鎖定相關信息,標出與題目、選項義同詞不同的部分。然后仔細品讀,認真比較選項和文中細節,在準確理解該細節的前提下,排除干擾項,從而確定答案。凡找到與原文含義表述完全相符的同義異構選項即可確定為答案,不必再去驗證其他選項為什么錯了。

③回讀信息,驗證答案。確定答案后,必須回讀原文,再次根據原文中的信息對選項進行驗證。

(2)細節理解題解題策略

細節理解題是針對文中某個細節、某句話或某部分具體內容設置問題,正確答案的依據一定可以在原文中找到,對原句改寫的選項往往是正確選項。做這類題一般采用尋讀法,即先讀題,然后帶著問題快速閱讀短文,找出與問題有關的詞語或句子,再對相關部分進行定位,進而細讀,然后進行比較和分析,便可確定答案。下面結合最新高考試題,對不同類型的細節題進行解讀。

①直接信息題。

此類細節理解題可在原文中直接找到答案,考生可首先從問題中找到關鍵詞,然后以此為線索,運用略讀以及查閱的技巧在文中迅速尋找這一細節,找到后再把這一部分內容仔細閱讀一遍,仔細比較所給選項與文中細節的細微區別,在準確理解細節的前提下,最后確定出最佳答案。

【典例】El Nino, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nino sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round. (2016年江蘇卷,C篇)

61. What can we learn about El Nino in Paragraph 1?

A. It is named after a South American fisherman.

B. It takes place almost every year all over the world.

C. It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.

D. It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.

解析:D 。 細節理解題。根據本段的最后一句“El Nino sees warm water, ...or sometimes the other way round.”可知,厄爾尼諾現象見證了海水水流方向的變化,所以此題選擇D項。

②間接信息題。

此類細節理解題通常采用詞語與句型轉換的形式來取代原文中的表述,解題時要注意命題人慣用的“偷梁換柱、張冠李戴”等手法,因此正確理解題干和信息句的意義是解題的關鍵??忌枰獙㈩}目信息與原文相關信息進行語意上的轉換,如果兩者存在表達上的差異,需要對原文信息進一步加工處理,進一步加以鑒別或推理。間接信息題是介于事實細節題和推理判斷題之間的一種題型,對考生來說有一定難度。

【典例】It was summer and, one day, my mother drove me to the bike shop to get a tire fixed—and there it was in the window, White, shiny, plastic and decorated with flowers, the basket winked at me and I knew—I knew—I had to have it. (2016年浙江卷,D篇)

56. When the author saw the basket in the window, she________.

A. fell in love with it

B. stared at her mother

C. recognized it at once

D. went up to the bike guy

解析:A。細節理解題。根據本段中“... and there it was in the window, White, shiny, plastic and decorated with flowers, the basket winked at me and I knew—I knew—I had to have it.”可知,當作者在櫥窗里面看見這個籃子時就喜歡上了它。

③數字計算題。

此類試題在文中直接表現出細節事實,有的要經過具體的計算才能夠選出正確答案。具體的計算題可以是對年代的計算、月份的計算或比例的計算等。文中經常會出現許多數字,這對解題產生一定的影響。解答此類試題的方法是先理解文章的大意,然后經過對比、分析、計算等就能選出正確答案。

【典例】Mothers have long known that their home workload was just as heavy as paid work. Now, the new study has shown that if they were paid for their parental labours, they would earn as much as£172,000 a year.

The study looked at the range of jobs mothers do, as well as the hours they are working, to determine the figure. This would make their yearly income£30,000 more than the Prime Minister earns.(2015年四川卷,C篇)

38. How much would a mother earn a year if working as the Prime Minister?

A.£30,000. B.£142,000.

C.£172,000. D.£202,000.

解析:B。數字計算題。根據第一段中“...they would earn as much as£172,000 a year.”與第二段中“This would make their yearly income£30,000 more than the Prime Minister earns.”可知,一位全職媽媽的年收入是172,000英鎊,比首相的年收入還多30,000英鎊,由此可算出首相的年收入是:172,000-30,000=142,000。

④排列順序題。

這類試題要求考生根據事件發生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關系,找出事件發生的正確順序。解答此類試題可采用“首尾定位法”,即最先找出第一個事件和最后一個事件,迅速縮小選擇范圍,從而快速選出正確答案。

【典例】A schoolgirl saved her fathers life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic (過敏的) reaction which stopped his heart.

Izzy, nine, restarted father Colms heart by stamping (踩) on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.

Izzys mother, Debbie, immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father, so decided to use CPR.

However, she quickly discovered her arms werent strong enough, so she stamped on her fathers chest instead.

Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions (按壓) until the ambulance arrived.

Izzy, who has been given a bravery award by her school, said: “I just kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasnt strong enough to use hands. I was quite scared. The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse. My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.” (2014年四川卷, C篇)

40. Whats the right order of the events?

①Izzy kicked Colm.

②Debbie called 999.

③Izzy learned CPR.

④Colms heart stopped.

A.③①②④ B. ④②③①

C. ③④②① D. ④③①②

解析:C。細節理解題。解此道排序題可采用首尾確定法,文章采用倒敘的手法,先描述了Izzy對父親采取的急救行為,然后在第六段提到母親教Izzy如何急救,所以Izzy學過急救是最先發生的,可排除B、D項;再根據第三段內容可知:在父親暈倒后,母親撥打急救電話,而Izzy知道醫生不能及時趕到,就對父親實施急救。所以此題選擇C項。

⑤圖表圖畫題。

在有圖表圖畫的閱讀理解中,有的圖表圖畫出現在閱讀理解文章中,有的出現在選項中,這些圖片的出現增加了試題的直觀性,同時也暗含著和文章內容相關的信息。在解答此類試題的時候,一定要把握圖表圖畫中所暗含的信息,特別是有些事實是通過圖片來敘述的,考生可以采用按圖尋找正確答案的方法。

【典例】

Bar Graphs

A bar graph has two axes and uses bars to show amounts. In Graph 1,we see that the x-axis shows grades that students earned, and the y-axis

shows how many students earned each grade. You can see that 6 students earned an A because the bar for A stretches up to 6 on the vertical measurement. There is a lot of information we can get from a simple graph like this (See Graph 1). (2015年浙江卷,B篇)

47. What is the total number of students who earned a C or better?

A. 4 B. 6 C.10 D. 20

解析:D。細節理解題。根據圖示可知獲得C級的學生有4人,比C級好的A級學生有6人,比C級好的B級學生有10人,由此可知獲得C或更好的學生人數一共有:4+6+10=20。

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