普利策獎

湖北省武漢市 胡楊 編譯

The Pulitzer Prie

The Pulitzer Prize is an award for achievements in newspaper,magazine and online journalism, literature,and musical composition in the United States.It was established in 1917 by provisions1in the will of American(Hungarian-born)Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher,and is administered2by Columbia University in New York City.Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories.In twenty of the categories,each winner receives a certificate and a US$15,000 cash award.The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal.

普利策獎是美國的一項成就獎，獎勵那些在報紙、雜志與網絡新聞、文學和音樂創作方面取得的成就。1917年該獎根據美國（匈牙利出生的）約瑟夫·普利策的遺囑設立。約瑟夫把他在報刊經銷商時期所積累的財富捐贈，并交由紐約的哥倫比亞大學管理。普利策獎每年頒發的分類共包括21個獎項。在20個類別中，每位獲獎者將獲得一份證書和1.5萬美元的現金獎勵。新聞競賽公共服務類的優勝者則被授予金質獎章。

The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable3works in the media.Entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories,and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical.Works can also only be entered in a maximum4of two categories.

普利策獎不會自發考慮所有在新聞媒體上適用于評選的作品。參賽作品必須至少符合其中一個獎項類別，不會僅因為是文學或音樂作品就獲得評選資格。作品最多只能參加兩個類別的評選。

Each year,102 jurors5are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories.Most juries consist of five members,except for those for Public Service, Investigative Reporting,Explanatory6Reporting,Feature7writing and Commentary8categories, which have seven members;all book juries have three members.For each award category,a jury makes three nominations.The board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations9and selects a different entry following a 75%majority vote.The board can also vote to issue no award. The board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work;however,the jurors in letters,music, and drama receive a$2,000 honorarium10for the year,and each chair receives$2,500.

每年，普利策獎評委會委派102名評審員分成20個評審團，對21個獎項類別的作品進行評審。大多數評審團由五名成員組成，而公共服務獎、調查性報道獎、解釋性報道獎、特寫報道獎和評論獎這幾個類別的評審團由七名成員組成；所有的圖書獎項評審團有三名成員。在對每一類獎項評選的過程中，每個評審團都可以進行三次提名。評委會從提名作品中的多數票獲得者中選出獲獎者，并以75%多數票選擇不同的候選作品。評委會也可以投票不授予任何獎項。評委會和新聞類評審員無薪工作；然而，文學、音樂和戲劇類別的評審員每年會獲得2000美元的酬金，每位評委會主席獲得2500美元的酬金。

Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant11.The jury selects a group of nominated12finalists and announces them,together with the winner for each category.

Beginning in 2007,online elements will be permitted in all journalism categories except for the competition’s two photography categories.

從2007年開始，除了比賽的兩項攝影類別獎項（攝影類的兩項大獎是突發新聞攝影獎和專題攝影獎）之外，所有的新聞類別獎項，將允許網絡媒體參評。

The Pulitzer Prize Board historically resisted13the admission of magazines into the competition, resulting in the formation of the National Magazine Awards at the Columbia Journalism School in 1966.In 2015,magazines were allowed to enter for the first time in two categories(Investigative Reporting and Feature Writing).In October 2016,magazine was extended to all journalism cate gories.

由于普利策獎委員會歷來抵制雜志參與競爭，這促使了1966年哥倫比亞大學新聞學院美國國家雜志獎的形成。2015年，雜志首次被允許進入兩類（調查性報道獎和特寫報道獎）獎項的評選。2016年10月，雜志類參評資格擴展到所有新聞類別。

Some critics of the Pulitzer Prize have accused14the organization of favoring those who support liberal causes or oppose conservative15causes.And a 2012 aca demic study found that only 27% of Pulitzer winners since 1991 were females.

有些批評普利策獎的人指責該評獎組織傾向于那些支持自由主義事業或反對保守主義事業的人。而且2012年的一項學術研究發現，自1991年以來，只有27%的普利策獎得主是女性。

Notes:

我們從另外一個角度，從刑事法律規范的位階方面進行入手，容錯糾錯機制在本質上是一種行政性規范或規定，它無法和更高位階的刑事法律規范進行對抗。因此，我們認為刑事錯誤理應不能容忍，當然排除在容錯糾錯機制的錯誤范圍之外。這實際上也解釋了失職行為到達一定程度就屬于瀆職侵權犯罪規范的刑事法律范疇，超出了傳統的行政法律規范的范疇。

14.accusev.控告；譴責