陳才
對書面表達中的常見錯誤,考生應該熟知并規避,在考試中沉著應考,細心應對,力求書面表達做到“全、準、雅、順”。書面表達中的主要失分點有以下三個方面。
一、拼寫錯誤,表達隨意
標點符號與大小寫的常見錯誤如下:
1.某些專有名詞應該大寫而沒有大寫?;驅⒛承┰~誤作專有名詞大寫的情況。如:
There is a temple on the Top of the mountain.應為:There is a temple on the top of the mountain.
2.句子中不使用任何標點符號,從而無法辨別句子的結構。如:
I got up early this morning went to the school and cleaned the classroom.應為:I got up early this morning,went to the school and cleaned the classroom.
3.句子的結尾隨意打點,句子散亂。如:
Li Ming didnt come to the school.Because he was ill oday.這兩句有因果關系,應用逗號將兩句連起來,所以應改為:Li Ming didntcometothe school,be-cause he was ill today.
4.用冒號代替逗號。在英語書信開頭出現“DearTom:”,應為“Dear Tom.。
5.使用英語中沒有的標點符號。
如用頓號來代替英語的標點符號。如:
In the park,I saw some trees、flowers、birds、in-sects.應為:In the park,I saw some trees,flowers,birdsand insects.
如用漢語中的書名號。英語中需要用引號來代替書名號。如:
Can you lend me《The Arabian Nights》?應為:Canyou lend me“The Arabian Nights”?
6.英語中的句號寫法與漢語中的不同,英語中的句號是一個實心點,而漢語中用圓圈。如:
Having finished his homework,Xiao Li went home。應為:Having finished his homework,Xiao Li wenthome.
以上種種錯誤都是誤用標點或者濫用標點,另外還要注意大小寫的問題,在寫作完成后,檢查全文時應注意以下幾點:
①注意標題的大小寫。標題開頭第一個詞的首字母要大寫,除介詞、冠詞、連詞以外,每個詞的首字母都可大寫。
②姓與名的第一個字母要大寫。如:丁俊暉應寫成Ding Junhui,不能寫成Ding Jun Hui。
③專有名詞中實詞的首字母要大寫。如the United States of America。英語中還有些固定要大寫首字母的名詞,如大洲、大洋、江、河、國家、地名、星期幾等。
④每句的句首字母要大寫,句中非規定要大寫的詞不能大寫。
⑤注意英語中標點的用法與寫法,與漢語有不同之處。如漢語中表示省略用六個點,英語中只用三個點,而且必須下標,與前后各空一格:漢語中引用某人說話的原文時。往往首先在“說”這個詞之后加冒號。英語中這種情況下既可用冒號,又可以用逗號。
二、搭配不當,用詞不準確
常用詞和詞組往往是由它們在運用中的頻率與練習中的作用所決定的。對常用詞和詞組,考生在復習時的要求要高一些,即要能熟練、準確地掌握,自如地運用。要達到這一要求,考生首先要研究這些詞和詞組的真實含義與習慣表達法。在表達中,漢語的一個字可組成各種詞組,在英語中要用多種詞組來表示,如:請假(ask for leave),請人吃飯(invite sb.for dinner),請問/勞駕(excuse me),請人唱歌(ask sb.to sing a song),請醫生(send sb.for a doc-tor),請隨意(help yourself)。
有些考生在寫作時。常常把一些固定詞組、習慣用語和固定句型錯誤搭配。結果寫出來的句子讓人看不懂。
①你愿意幫我個忙嗎?
誤:Will you give me a favour?
正:Will you do me a favour?
析:“幫某人一個忙”“給某人恩惠”應是do sb.afavour。
②在回家的路上,史密斯夫人的錢包被搶了。
誤:Mrs.Smiths wallet was robbed from her on her way home.
正:Mrs.Smiths wallet was stolen from her on her way home.
正:Mrs.Smiths wallet was robbed of her on her way home.
析:“搶某人某物”可譯為“steal+某物+from+某人或某地”或“rob+某人或某地+of+某物”。
③你認為工程師的演講怎么樣?
誤:How do you think of the speech made bv the en-gineer?
正:What do you think of the speech made by the engineer?
析:本句出錯的原因在于考生對What…think of的結構概念模糊,再加上母語的干擾。What在這一結構中作think的賓語。What do you think of…還可以說成How do you like…?How在句子中是疑問副詞。作狀語。
三、結構混亂,成分殘缺
1.句子缺謂語
一個句子至少包括主語和謂語兩部分(祈使句除外)。如果把句子的某一個部分當成一個句子,就會導致句子不完整。
誤:The building like a match box.
正:The building is/looks like a match box.
誤:He told me that all my classmates sitting in the classroom.
正:He told me that all my classmates were sitting in the classroom.
兩個各含有主語和謂語的分句不能寫在一起,也不能只用逗號隔開。
誤:There were foreigners came to our school.
正:There were foreigners who came to our school.
誤:The book was interesting,I read it rapidly.
正:The book was interesting;I read it rapidly.
正:The book was interesting,and I read it rapidly.
2.缺少主句
有的考生因為對句子結構認識模糊。所以出現只寫從句的現象,這也是造成失分的原因之一。
誤:Because the kids thought their wages were too low.
正:Because the kids thought their wages were too low,they demanded a high pay.
誤:While waiting for the bus.
正:While waiting for the bus.he talked with the lit-tle girl.
3.be動詞遺漏
在主系表結構中。漢語中沒有動詞的句子是允許的。英語中每個完整的句子都必須有動詞來承擔謂語,如:“我累了?!边@個句子沒有動詞作謂語,而用形容詞,但英語中的形容詞不能作謂語,一定要寫成“Im tired”。
誤:He will sure to come and help me.
正:He will be sure to come and help me.
4.介詞、冠詞遺漏
還有一些考生因為沒有熟練掌握介詞或者冠詞的用法,所以會出現明顯的錯誤,造成丟分。
誤:Because his mistake several people died.
正:Because of his mistake several people died.
誤:I have never seen such beautiful picture.
正:I have never seen such a beautiful picture.
5.修飾語錯位
英語與漢語不同,同一個修飾語置于句子不同的位置,句子的含義可能發生變化。對這一點不少考生往往重視不夠,因而造成不必要的誤解。
如:I believe I can do it well and 1 will better know the world outside the campus.
析:修飾語better的位置不當,應置于句末。
(責任編校/彭益)
高中生·高考指導2017年10期