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從信息結構角度看倒裝句的句式結構

2018-04-14 09:10黃世平
關鍵詞:助動詞句首語序

黃世平

1. 引言

英語句子的信息分為已知信息和新信息,信息的組織原則是句尾焦點和句尾重心。本文試圖從信息結構角度分析倒裝句的句式結構以及信息組織原則的運用,重點討論了兩種新信息置于句首而引起的倒裝句式, 即助動詞置于主語前和謂語整體置于主語前的倒裝句式。另外,本文還討論了從句中新信息的前置現象。

《普通高中英語課程標準》(2003,教育部)中的語言知識目標是:語音、詞匯、語法、功能和話題??梢?,語法學習是高中英語學習重要組成部分。倒裝句是高中英語七級目標要求理解、八級目標要求掌握的語法項目。在講授倒裝句時,教師如果機械地羅列倒裝句的用法,學生只會死記硬背語法條目,而不能恰當地運用?!镀胀ǜ咧杏⒄Z課程標準》(2003,教育部)規定:“高中階段的語法教學,應從語言運用的角度出發,把語言的形式、意義和用法有機地結合起來,要引導學生在語境中了解和掌握語法的表意功能”。倒裝句語序的變化其實就是信息的轉移。

2. 英語的信息結構

英語句子的信息可以分為已知信息(given information)和新信息(new information)。已知信息是指說話人已經給出的或交際雙方都知道的信息,通常放在句首;新信息是說話人即將要描述或者對方不知道的信息,通常放在句尾。例如:Tom is my good friend. He is good at playing the piano. 其中,he是已知信息,is good at…是新信息。信息組織原則是句尾焦點(end focus)和句尾重心(end weight)。句尾焦點是位于句尾需要強調的新信息,例如:The best friend of mine is Jack. 句尾重心是指說話人為了實現句子的平衡,把冗長的結構放在句尾,句尾重心也常是新信息。例如:It is important that we should learn a foreign language. 句尾焦點和句尾重心的原則又叫可加工性原則( processibility principle),句尾信息可以得到進一步加工處理。例如:What I want to see is Jack who is a famous film star.

3. 倒裝句句式的主要類型

3.1助動詞置于主語前面

助動詞(auxiliary verb)是謂語的一部分,幫助說明謂語動詞的時態、語態和語氣或表示強調,是位于主語后面的新信息。例如:①I can do it. ②Tom was doing his homework last night. ③David did see Peter yesterday. 助動詞置于主語前可以表示疑問語氣,例如: Did David see Peter yesterday? 可以看出,一般疑問句只單是助動詞新信息前置,而句子其它信息的位置不變。下面主要討論句子的某種新信息置于句首時,助動詞置于主語前的倒裝句式,這種倒裝形式叫部分倒裝(partial inversion)。

(1)簡單句中否定新信息置于句首

簡單句中,否定新信息置于句首表示強調時,助動詞置于主語前面。這樣,兩種新信息前置起到了強烈的強調作用。例如:He has never before seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert. 當never before置于句首表示強調時,助動詞置于主語前, 句式就是:Never before has she seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert. (江西卷,2012) 再如:①Not a single song did she sing at yesterdays party. (上海卷,2000) ②Not until recently did they encourage the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas. (江蘇卷,2016) 表否定的詞或短語有:no, not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, not only, not until, at no time, under/in no circumstances等。 Only意為“僅僅,只有”,含有對其它情況否定的意味,所以本文把only也歸為否定詞。例如:You can expect to get a pay rise only with hard work. 當句尾新信息置于句首表示強調時,助動詞置于主語前,句式就是:Only with hard work can you expect to get a pay rise. (北京卷,2001) 再如:① Only after talking to two students did I realize that having strong motivation is one of the biggest factors in reaching goals.(湖南卷,2015)②Only if people of all the countries are united can we solve the existing problems in the world. (湖北卷,2010)

位于句首的主語是已知信息,當否定詞強調這類主語時,新信息沒有前置,助動詞也不前置,所以句式仍是陳述式。例如:①Only you can solve the problem. (√) ②Only can you solve the problem. (×)③Not you but I am responsible for the accident. (√) ④Not you but am I responsible for the accident. (×)

(2) 復合句中否定新信息置于句首

復合句中,否定新信息置于句首表示強調時,否定信息所在的分句的助動詞置于主語前,其它分句的語序不變化,即“誰的新信息前置,誰就用倒裝語序”。

①并列復合句

并列復合句中,否定新信息置于句首表示強調時,其所在的分句的助動詞置于主語前,其它分句語序不變。例如:The nurses not only want a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well. 上句中,否定新信息not only修飾前一分句的謂語動詞want。當not only置于句首時,前一分句的助動詞置于主語前,后一分句語序不變,即:Not only do the nurses want a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well. (全國大綱卷,2014 ) 再如:No sooner had Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause. (陜西卷,2014)

②主從復合句

主從復合句中,當主句的否定新信息置于句首強調時,主句的助動詞置于主語前,從句的語序不變。例如:He didnt begin to know how important the family was for him until he left his home. 上句中, not修飾主句的謂語動詞begin, 而不是修飾從句的謂語動詞left。所以當否定新信息not until置于句首時,主句的助動詞置于主語前,從句的語序不變,即:Not until he left his home did he begin to know how important the family was for him. (江西卷,2010) 再如:Only when Lily walked into the office did she realize that she had left the contract at home. (天津卷,2015)

③It分裂復合句

It分裂句的結構是it is/was+ 句子被強調成分(focus)+ that/who/whom +其它句子成分。它把一個句子分裂成兩部分,被強調的成分充當主句的句尾焦點,其它成分充當從句的成分。有時,盡管被強調成分是否定信息,看似置于被分裂句子的主語前,但被強調部分處在主句句尾焦點的位置,信息沒有前置,所以助動詞不能置于主語前,主從句的句式都是陳述式。例如:It was not until I came here that I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather. (湖南卷,2012) 再如:It was only after he had read the papers that Mr. Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete. (全國卷Ⅱ, 2013)

3.2表程度的新信息置于句首

表示程度的新信息位于句首強調時,助動詞置于主語前。例如:The parents love their son to such extent that they have spoilt him. 當to such extent置于句首時,助動詞置于主語前,句式就是:To such an extent do the parents love their son that they have spoilt him. 再如:①So much homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest. (福建卷,2006) ②So successful was her business that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere. (陜西, 2007)

3.3表銜接的新信息置于句首

為了使句子之間銜接緊密,當后一句話的句尾新信息置于句首時,助動詞置于主語前,這在英語修辭上叫做頂針或蟬聯(anadiplosis)。例如:A: Toms room gets very cold at night. B: Mine gets very cold, too. 顯然,very cold at night和mine意義不連貫。如果B句的句尾新信息very cold, too用so替代置于句首,助動詞置于主語前,句式就是:A: Toms room gets very cold at night. B: So does mine. 顯然,句子銜接緊密,語意連貫。再如:①A: I dont know about you, but Im sick and tired of this weather. B: So am I. I cant stand all this rain. (山東卷,2012)②If Joes wife wont go to the party, neither will he.(全國卷 II,2007)

如果后一句話的主語是已知信息,根據信息結構理論,這類主語不能放在句尾,句式仍然是陳述式。例如:A: Well I do think the rabbit is a beautiful, gentle animal which can run very fast. B: So it is. (遼寧卷,2005) 其中,主語it指代前面的the rabbit,是已知信息,不能放在句尾。再如:A: Maggie had a wonderful time at the party. B: So she did and so did I. (安徽卷,2005) 其中,she是已知信息,要放在句首;而I是新信息,要放在句尾焦點的位置。

3.4謂語動詞整體置于主語前面

有些謂語動詞是不及物動詞、連系動詞或轉述動詞,這些動詞和句尾新信息構成一個意義整體。當句尾新信息置于句首強調時,謂語要緊跟其后整體置于主語前,不是另加助動詞前置,主語就成為句尾焦點,這種倒裝形式叫完全倒裝(full inversion)。例如:A movie star will come into the room. 上句中,謂語will come和句尾新信息into the room是意義整體,當句尾新信息置于句首時,謂語要整體前置,而不是助動詞will置于主語前。例如:Into the room will come a movie star. (√) Into the room will a movie star come. (×)。

(1)方向狀語置于句首

英語中,有一些表示位置移動的方向狀語,如out ,in, away ,off, up, down等。方向狀語和謂語動詞構成意義整體,當方向狀語置于句首強調時,謂語整體前置,主語成為句尾焦點。例如:The door opened and the dog rushed out. 當out置于句首強調時,謂語整體置于主語前,句式就是:The door opened and out rushed the dog. 再如:Down came the whip, and away went the horse.

(2)時間狀語置于句首

少數時間狀語和謂語動詞構成意義整體,當時間狀語置于句首強調時,謂語整體置于主語前,主語成為句尾焦點。例如:For a moment nothing happened. The voices all shouting together came then. 當then置于句首時,謂語整體置于主語前,句式就是:For a moment nothing happened. Then came the voices all shouting together. (福建卷,2009) 再如:My brother was admitted to Zhejiang University this summer. Now comes my turn to shine.

(3)表語置于句首

表語是補充說明主語的句尾新信息,和連系動詞成為一個意義整體。當表語置于句首強調時,謂語整體直接置于主語前,主語便成為句尾焦點。例如:A tall tree with a history of 1,000 years stands just in front of our house. 當表語置于句首時,謂語整體前置,句式就是:Just in front of our house stands a tall tree with a history of 1,000 years. (上海卷,2006 ) 再如:①I went into the classroom, and standing near the window was Peter. ②Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.

(4)直接引語置于句首

直接引語是位于轉述動詞后的句尾新信息,和轉述動詞構成意義整體。當直接引語置于句首強調時,轉述動詞整體置于主語前,主語就成為句尾焦點。例如:The teacher standing at the door said: “Why are you always late?” 當直接引語置于句首時,謂語整體置于主語前,句式就是: “Why are you always late?” said the teacher standing at the door.

(5)信息組織原則的運用

謂語直接前置在主語前,主語成為句尾焦點,這是完全倒裝句的句式特征。根據信息結構理論,完全倒裝句式也有幾種例外的情況。

如果主語是已知信息,就不能放在句尾,句式是陳述句式。例如:①The children saw the school bus and in they rushed.(√)②The children saw the school bus and in rushed they.(×)句中的they指代上文的the children,是已知信息,不能放在句尾。有時,雖然主語是已知信息,但它后面帶有較長的修飾語,主語就成了焦點信息,根據句尾焦點和句尾重心的原則,這類主語就要放在句尾, 句式是完全倒裝句式。例如:The children saw the school bus and in rushed they with schoolbags on their backs.

如果謂語動詞帶有較長的修飾語,謂語就是焦點信息。根據句尾焦點和句尾重心的信息原則,這類謂語要放在句尾焦點位置,句式用陳述語式。例如:①“How dare you say so?” David said loudly and angrily. (√) ②“How dare you say so?” said David loudly and angrily. (×)

4. 從句內部的前置現象

從句的語序是陳述語序,這是從句的句式特征。一般來講,當從句的新信息前置時,助動詞或謂語不能置于主語前,句式仍然是陳述式;但是,為了增強虛擬效果,虛擬條件從句的句式還可以扭曲變化,可以是倒裝句式。

4.1讓步狀語從句

讓步狀語從句的新信息前置時,謂語動詞或助動詞不能置于主語前,句式是陳述式。例如:Though he may be a quiet student, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class. 當a quiet student置于句首時,句式是陳述式,即:Quiet student as he may be, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class. (重慶卷,2005) 為了體現句首信息的簡短明快,一些修飾語如冠詞可以省略。再如:①Unsatisfied though he was with the payment, he took the job just to get some work experience. (重慶卷,2009) ②Try as she might, Sue couldn't get the door open. (全國卷 I,2011) 讓步狀語從句發生前置現象時,引導詞though/although還可以用as代替。

4.2虛擬條件從句

虛擬條件從句表示與事實相反的情況,時態發生了扭曲變化。例如:If they had known what was coming next, they might have had second thoughts. 可以看出,虛擬條件從句的時態是過去完成式而不是過去式,時態發生了扭曲變化;但語序還是陳述語序,符合從句的句式特征。虛擬條件句還可以從句式上發生扭曲變化。如果上句had置于主語前,省略引導詞if, 句式就是:Had they known what was coming next, they might have had second thoughts. (浙江卷,2012)可以看出,虛擬條件從句的句式是倒裝句式,從句式上發生了扭曲變化。再如:① Were it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty. (江蘇卷,2017) ②Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to Yangpu Bridge. (上海卷,1994)倒裝的虛擬條件從句是一種假性從句,是為了增強虛擬效果,并不能改變從句是陳述式的句式特征。

5. 結束語

《普通高中英語課程標準》(2003,教育部)規定:“……著重提高學生用英語獲取信息、處理信息、分析問題和解決問題的能力?!苯處熑绻涣_列語法條目,學生死記硬背語法條條框框,這只會挫敗學生的學習積極性。在倒裝句教學中,教師應該結合具體的語境,從信息結構的角度,分析倒裝句式的信息變化及其表意功能,從而增強學生的信息處理能力。所以,在語法教學中,教師不僅要讓學生知道“是什么”,更要讓學生知道“為什么”,從而增強學生的信息處理能力和語言運用能力。

[1] Alexander, L.G. Longman English Grammar [M]. 北京:外語教學與研究出版社, 1991.

[2] 1976. Halliday, M.A.K. & Hasan, R. Cohesion in English [M]. London: Longman, 1976.

[3] Sinclair, J. Collins Cobuild English Grammar [M]. 北京:商務印書館, 1999.

[4] Quirk, R. S. Greenbaum, G. Leech, and J. Svartvik. A grammar of contemporary English [M]. London: Longman, 1979.

[5] 教育部. 普通高中英語課程標準(實驗)[S]. 北京:人民教育出版社, 2003.

[6] 胡壯麟. 語篇的銜接與連貫[M]. 上海:上海外語教育出版社, 1994.

(作者單位:浙江省諸暨榮懷學校)

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