倒裝句可分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝兩種。
一、部分倒裝
1. 否定副詞位于句首時的倒裝
在正式文體中,never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere 等含有否定意義的副詞若位于句首,則其后要用部分倒裝:
Never shall I forgive him.
【注意】(1) not…until句型,當not until…位于句首時,其后的主句要用倒裝語序:
Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room.
(2) 某些起副詞作用的介詞短語,由于含有否定詞,若位于句首,其后要用部分倒裝:
Under no circumstances will I lend money to him.
2.“only+狀語”位于句首時的倒裝
當一個狀語受副詞only的修飾且置于句首時,其后用部分倒裝語序:
Only in this way are you able to do it well.
3. 副詞so后接形容詞或副詞位于句首時,其后用部分倒裝:
So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home.
4.“so/ neither/nor +助動詞+主語”倒裝
If he can do it, so can I.
You arent young and neither am I.
【注意】該結構與表示強調或同意的“so+主語+特殊動詞”結構的區別:
“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.” “昨天很冷?!薄暗拇_很冷?!?/p>
5. 由not only…but also引出的倒裝
Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet.
6. 虛擬條件句的省略與倒裝——當if引導的虛擬條件從句中含有had, were, should等時,如將if省略,則要將had, were, should等移到主語前,構成倒裝句:
Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.
7. 此外,一些介詞 + no + 名詞的結構中需要用部分倒裝,at no time; by no means; by no manner of means; for no reason; in no case; in no way; on no account等。
a) 如果含有從句時,只要求主句倒裝:
Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.
b) 如果上述否定副詞出現在強調句型中的前半部分,不用倒裝:
It was not until he went abroad that he knew the truth of the fact.
c) 如果hardly, scarcely后面接的是any, ever, at all時,意義類似almost no/ not/ never(幾乎不、從不),則無須倒裝。
Hardly any people invited went there.
8. 由as引導的部分倒裝句:
a) 當as作為比較意義時,即用于as + adj./ adv. + as結構中時,如果把第一個as省略掉,就形成部分倒裝句。
She charged the stairs, quick as a rabbit (ran).
b) 當 as引導讓步狀語時,和although, though一樣,當用作“盡管”之義時,可以用于部分倒裝句。
Hard as he worked, he did not pass the exam.
c) 表示原因時,為了強調起見,也可以倒裝。
Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.
d) 等于so時,意義是“也,也是”
She worked hard, so/ as did her husband.
二、全部倒裝
1. here 和there位于句首時的倒裝表示地點的here和 there位于句首時,其后用完全倒裝形式。這類倒裝句的謂語通常是動詞be和come, go等表示移動或動態的不及物動詞:
Here comes the bus. 公共汽車來了。
2. away和down等位于句首時的倒裝地點副詞away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up 等位于句首時,其后用完全倒裝語序。但若主語為人稱代詞,則不能用倒裝:
Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas.
Away he went.
3. 狀語或表語位于句首時的倒裝為了保持句子平衡或使上下文銜接緊密,有時可將狀語或表語置于句首,句中主語和謂語完全倒裝:
Among these people was his friend Jim.
4. 分詞和不定式置于句首的倒裝有時為了強調,可將謂語部分的現在分詞、過去分詞或不定式置于句首,從而構成倒裝:
Standing beside the table was his wife.
三、倒裝句中的主謂一致———在“副詞here, there, now, then, up, down, in, out, away等、作狀語或表語的介詞短語或分詞短語+謂語動詞+主語”的倒裝結構中,謂語動詞的數由動詞后面的主語決定。
On the wall hang two maps.
【作者簡介】周宏,遼寧省撫順市新賓滿族自治縣第二高級中學。