翟曉靜
摘要:在英語語法學習中,定語從句是十分重要的一個知識點。在實際生活中,定語從句也被廣泛應用。下面我對定語從句進行解析學習。
一.基本概念
1.定語:指用來限定修飾名詞或代詞的成分,可以用形容詞、名詞、代詞、數詞、副詞、介詞短語以及動詞不定式做定語,也可用一個從句作定語。
2.定語從句:用來修飾前面名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。
3.先行詞:被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。
4.引導詞:引導定語從句的詞,包括關系代詞(that/who/whom/which/as)和關系副詞
(when/where/why)兩類。引導詞位于定語從句之前先行詞之后,其可連接先行詞和定語從句,也可在定語從句中充當一定的成分(關系代詞充當主語或賓語,關系副詞充當狀語),充當主語時關系代詞不能省略。
Eg.1) I like the girl who /that has curly hair . (先行詞the girl 指人,在定語從句中做主語,故選關系代詞who /that,且不可省略)。
2)The person (whom/ who )you are talking to is my favorite singer. (先行詞The person指人,在定語從句中做賓語,故選關系代詞whom/who,可省略)。
3)The supermarket that /which was built recently will be decorated in 2 weeks. (先行詞The supermarket指物,在定語從句中做主語,故選關系代詞that /which,且不可省略)。
4)I lost the bike (that /which )you bought for me . (先行詞the bike指物在定語從句中做賓語,故選關系代詞that /which,可省略)
5)This is the river where /in which I can swim . (先行詞the river指物,在定語從句中做地點狀語,故用關系副詞where)。
二.定語從句分類
根據定語從句與先行詞的關系,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號分開,從句不可省去。非限制性定語從句與主句之間有逗號分開,起補充說明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
三.關系代詞的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物,在從句中可做主語或賓語。Eg:
1)Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. (做主語,不可省略)
2)The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.(做賓語,可省略)
2.which用于指物,在句中做主語或賓語。Eg:
1)The building which has special design is a supermarket. (做主語,不可省略)
2)The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. (做賓語,可省略)
3.who,whom用于指人,who 用作主語,whom用作賓語。在口語中,有時可用who代替whom,也可省略。例如:
The girl (whom /who )you are looking for is my best friend . (做賓語,可省略)
4. whose:指人或物,是所有格“…的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定語從句中充當主語、賓語(動賓或介賓)即先行詞的什么東西怎樣了,whose不能省略。Eg:
1)I didn’t find the desk whose leg was broken. (Whose+n做主語,不可省略)
2)He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. (Whose+n做動賓)
3)The boss in whose company I work is very kind. (Whose+n做介賓)
四.關系副詞的用法
1. when指時間,其先行詞表示時間,在句中作時間狀語。Eg:
This was the time when he arrived.這是他到達的時間。Eg:
2.where指地點,其先行詞表示地點,在句中作地點狀語。Eg:
This is place where he works.=This is the place in which he works .= This is the place that /which he works in .這是他工作的地點。
3.why 指原因,其先行詞是原因,起原因狀語作用。Eg:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.