利用語篇宏觀結構特征，有效解答語篇型填空題

浙江

高考語篇型填空題（俗稱“語法填空題”）的命題方式是在一篇200 詞左右的語言材料中留出10 個空白，部分空白的后面給出單詞的基本形式，要求考生根據上下文填寫空白處所需的內容（1 個單詞）或所提供的單詞的正確形式。語篇型填空題著重從句子和語篇兩個層面，考查考生在閱讀理解的基礎上運用語法、詞匯與語篇知識，對語言的形式結構、意義呈現與功能表達等的綜合運用能力，對考生分析句子特征、理解語篇的結構、把握語篇的主題與話題以及熟練使用語法知識等方面的能力要求比較高。語篇型填空題的測試點包括詞法、句子關系以及在具體情境中如何確保語義連貫的篇章知識等。

在試題設置上，語篇型填空題在形式上主要分兩類：（1）有提示詞填空題：通?？疾閯釉~的時態、語態和主謂一致，非謂語動詞，形容詞與副詞的等級變化以及詞類轉換等；（2）無提示詞填空題：通?？疾楣谠~、代詞、介詞與連詞的正確選用等。無論是哪一類的填空題，其核心目的都是考查考生如何通過語言、語法、語用以及語篇知識，去實現語篇意義的連貫性。

語篇的連貫性可以建立在交際雙方共有的知識體系之上，也可以是一段話的各個句子都圍繞一個中心展開，從而實現語篇前后表述的一致。連貫是語篇認知的主觀行為，是人們根據大腦中的世界知識和外在的情景語境對客觀事物進行感知和推理。語篇型填空題深層次的用意在于考查考生如何運用語法、詞匯以及語篇等手段去實現語篇意義的連貫表達，這在很大程度上取決于對語篇的宏觀連貫原則的把握。本文結合宏觀結構特征，分析了如何在語篇型填空題的教學中利用這些特征，即利用語篇的銜接鏈，緊扣表達的主基調；分析成分的相似性，把握語言表述特征；利用表述的對稱性，確保文本內在邏輯；利用語篇內部沖突，整合文本內部聯系；利用語篇語類特征，構建文本整體結構，以促進學生對語篇型填空的理解。

一、利用語篇的銜接鏈，緊扣表達的主基調

為了確保語篇前后意義連貫一致，每個語篇至少有一個銜接鏈貫穿整個語篇，這包括使用指稱、詞匯銜接、句法結構等手段。銜接鏈是確保語篇的話題連貫統一的必備手段。在語篇型填空題中，銜接鏈的作用是相當重要的。例如：

閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當的內容（1 個單詞）或括號內單詞的正確形式。

There are several reasons why school uniforms are a good idea.First of all,uniforms help the school look smart.The students feel that they belong to a particular group.When every pupil in the school wears the uniform,nobody__56__(have) to worry about fashion (時尚).Everybody wears__57__same style of clothes.Uniforms can be useful in unexpected ways.A school in Ireland has introduced an interesting new uniform.On the edge of the jacket,there is a piece of cloth__58__gives off light in the dark.When the children are walking or __59__ (cycle) to school on dark mornings,car drivers can__60__(easy) see them.

But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer__61__this question is not clear.One study in America found that students’grades __62__ (improve) a little after the school introduced uniforms.But some students didn’t want__63__(wear) the uniform.Other American studies showed no__64__(connect) between uniforms and school performance.

School uniforms are __65__ (tradition) in Britain,but some schools are starting to get rid of them.Some very good schools don’t have a uniform policy.However,uniforms are still popular.Pupils at about 90 percent of British secondary schools wear uniforms.（2019 年6 月浙江卷）

這是一篇說明文，文章主要介紹了穿校服的各種好處。本文有這樣幾條主線，其構成了文章表述的銜接鏈?！?..school uniforms are a good idea.”“...uniforms help the school look smart.”“Uniforms can be useful in unexpected ways.”以及“But can uniforms help improve school standards?”這四個句子構成了表達校服的作用的銜接鏈。其中“uniforms”通過重復的方式，實現了詞匯銜接，構成詞匯銜接鏈，從而讓文章的主題與中心更加突出。此外，“When every pupil in the school wears the uniform,nobody __56__ (have) to worry about fashion（時尚）.”以及“Everybody wears __57__same style of clothes.”中的“every pupil”“nobody”與“everybody”構成了確保前后指代清晰的詞匯銜接鏈，根據這一詞匯銜接鏈，考生可迅速獲得第56、57 小題的答案。由此可見，銜接鏈確保了語篇型填空題的主題與話題的前后統一與連貫。因此，在解題時，考生首先要把握這些線索。

二、分析成分的相似性，把握語言表述特征

語言結構與類型之間、語篇的結構與意義之間以及語篇的意義傳遞所依賴的各種表達手段與方式之間都存在相似性。語篇可以通過巧妙的語言形式或結構的安排，實現語篇的連貫表達，并傳達出語篇的意義。例如：

閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1 個適當的單詞或括號內單詞的正確形式。

The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland.While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence __61__ they range all the way across the Arctic,and as far south as James Bay in Canada.It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been __62__ （poor）studied; however,biologists calculate that there are about 20 000—25 000 polar bears worldwide.

Modern methods __63__ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s,and are expensive__64__（perform）consistently over a large area.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut __65__ （report）increases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a __66__ （believe）that populations are increasing.Scientists have responded by __67__ （note）that hungry bears may be congregating（聚集）around human settlements,leading to the illusion（錯覺） that populations are __68__ （high）than they actually are.Of__69__ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations,three are declining,six __70__（be）stable,one is increasing,and nine lack enough data.（2019 年全國卷Ⅰ）

2項研究[18，21]報道了中藥冷熱交替浸泡治療腦卒中后肩手綜合征的BI評分結果。各研究間統計學異質性較大(P=0.11，I2=61%)，采用隨機效應模型進行分析。Meta分析結果顯示：試驗組BI評分高于對照組，差異有統計學意義[SMD=2.68，95%CI(1.94,3.43)，P<0.000 01]，見圖4。

這是一篇說明文，主要介紹了由于生存環境的惡化，北極熊數量減少的狀況?！?..evidence __61__ they range all...”“...a __66__ （believe）that populations are increasing.”以及“...the illusion（錯覺）that populations are...”存在結構上的相似性，通過前后結構的比較，考生即可確定第61、66 小題的答案。此外，“difficult to figure out” 與“expensive __64__ （perform）consistently” 以及“three are declining”“six __70__ （be）stable”與“one is increasing”也存在結構上的相似性，通過對比，考生即可確定第64、70 小題的答案。由此可見，通過對語篇型填空題內部相似結構的對比，考生可以迅速把握其所使用的語言的特征，從而確定答案。

三、利用表述的對稱性，確保語篇內在邏輯

一般情況下，在作者構建語篇各個互相聯系的部分中，要盡量確保語篇的各個部分所占用的空間相似或一致，從而盡力使它們形成結構上的對稱。這樣可以讓讀者在閱讀語篇的過程中，迅速把握實現語篇意義連貫的因素，從而迅速抓住語篇的中心或主題等。例如：

閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1 個適當的單詞或括號內單詞的正確形式。

The Caffeine Catch

Caffeine,a chemical typically found in coffee,has caused a lot of concern because it is one of the few drugs that show up regularly in our food supply.You probably_56__ (use) caffeine since childhood.Caffeine __57__ (be)in your first Coke.If you ever enjoyed a chocolate bar,you ate caffeine.Soft drinks are the major source(來源)of caffeine for most children and even some adults.__58__ (recent),caffeine has found its way into orange,apple,and other flavored drinks.

Small amounts of caffeine — a cup __59__ two of coffee a day — seem safe for most people.However,some people have trouble with even small amounts.One cup of coffee_60__ the late afternoon or evening will cause __61__ (they)to stay awake almost all night.Larger amounts of caffeine can cause a problem __62__ (call) caffeinism.You get very nervous and you can’t sleep.

It is possible __63__ caffeine may cause birth defects(缺陷）in humans,too.One study showed that __64__ (woman)who drank a lot of coffee,like eight or more cups per day,while they were pregnant were more likely __65__ (have)children with birth defects.（2018 年11 月浙江卷）

這是一篇說明文，主要介紹了咖啡因對人類健康的影響。為了達到讓人理解與信服的目的，這篇語篇型填空題使用了對稱性的表述。對稱性的表述的主要目的在于闡明一個主題，讓人理解，并讓人信服某種事物是真實的或者是有價值的。例如，“Small amounts of caffeine — a cup __59__ two of coffee a day — seem safe for most people.”與“Larger amounts of caffeine can cause a problem __62__ (call)caffeinism.”構成了對稱性的表述，將小劑量的咖啡因與大劑量的咖啡因的影響進行了對比。通過分析對稱性的表述的前后語境，考生可以準確把握第59、62 小題所要表達的意義。此外，“Caffeine,...,has caused a lot of concern ...”“ __58__ (recent),caffeine has found its way...”與“It is possible__63__ caffeine may cause birth defects (缺陷）in humans,too.”也構成了一致性的表達，結合文章整體的表述所用的時態等特征，考生可以確定第58、63 小題的答案。

四、利用語篇內部沖突，整合語篇內部聯系

語篇包含著如交際模式、交際引文、言語代碼等影響交際的因素，這些因素制約著交際，并且交際雙方對這些因素的理解程度，直接影響交際的目的或效果。受交際雙方的交際目的、知識背景、交際情景等的影響，在語篇內部，語音、語法、詞匯、語義、語用、表述方式以及邏輯結構等層面均可能表現出沖突。這些沖突既可以以語言的形式（如對比、轉折等表述）呈現出來，又可以表現為在無明顯語言特征（如前后事件的對比等）的情況下，引起語言交際雙方心理上的碰撞，從而讓語篇得以進一步連貫地發展，實現作者/說者的交際目的。例如：

閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1 個適當的單詞或括號內單詞的正確形式。

A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for __61__ （be）Britain’s oldest full-time employee —still working 40 hours a week.Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, __62__ she opened with her late husband Les.Her years of hard work have __63__ （final）been acknowledged after a customer nominated（提名）her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year.

Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award,proud Irene __64__（declare）she had no plans __65__（retire）from her 36-year-old business.Irene said,“I don’t see any reason to give up work.I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I __66__（make） over the years.I work not because I have to, __67__ because I want to.”

Granddaughter Gayle Parks,31—who works alongside her in the family business — said it remained unknown as to who nominated Irene for the award.She said,“We don’t have any idea who put grandma forward.When we got a call __68__（say）she was short-listed,we thought it was__69__ joke.But then we got an official letter and we were blown away.We are so proud of her.It’s __70__（wonder）.”（2019 年全國卷Ⅱ）

這是一篇記敘文，講述了一位90 歲的英國女士因每周仍然堅持工作而獲得“年度女性獎”的事跡。文章中的“...she had no plans __65__ （retire）from her 36-year-old business.”“I don’t see any reason to give up work.”“We don’t have any idea who put grandma forward.” 以及“We are so proud of her.It’s __70__ （wonder）.”這五個句子，共同構成了文章中的人物對“獲獎”這一事件前后認識上的“沖突”，從“no plans”“any reason”與“any idea”可以推測出第70 小題所要表達的含義。此外，“I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I __66__（make）over the years.”構成了“because I want to.”的基礎，但卻與“because I have to”構成了沖突，因此根據“I work not because I have to,__67__ because I want to.”句子內部結構間的轉折關系，考生可以準確推測出第67 小題的答案為“but”。

五、利用語篇語類特征，構建語篇整體結構

語言產生于語境，同時又體現語境。沒有語境，語言就沒有賴以生存的環境；沒有語言，也就沒有所謂語境的存在。語境本身是一個社會系統。語類是人們運用語言在社會交往與交際中，形成的有目的、有步驟的各種語篇類型。不同的語境、不同的交際目的等，會產生不同的語類。語類與文化及作者/說者的目的有著密切的關系；任何一種語類的使用都有一個既定的目標。在一個具體的語篇中，圍繞某種交際目標或目的，所選擇的語類會蘊含著某些固定的結構，如語篇中什么成分必須出現、什么成分可能出現、這些成分必須出現在什么位置、這些成分可能出現在什么位置或者這些成分出現的頻率如何等。例如：

閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1 個適當的單詞或括號內單詞的正確形式。

On our way to the house,it was raining __61__ hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take __62__（get）there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.

We were first greeted with the barking by a pack __63__ dogs,seven to be exact.They were well trained by their masters __64__ had great experience with caring for these animals.Our hosts shared many of their experiences and__65__ （recommend）wonderful places to eat,shop,and visit.For breakfast,we were able to eat papaya（木瓜）and other fruits from their trees in the backyard.

When they were free from work,they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting __66__（compete）to watch,together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many __67__（tradition）stories about Hawaii that were __68__ （huge）popular with tourists.On the last day of our week-long stay,we __69__（invite）to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,__70__（listen）to musicians and meeting interesting locals.(2019 年全國卷Ⅲ）

這是一篇記敘文，講述了作者在夏威夷寄宿家庭的經歷。本文是按照作者經歷的先后順序一步步推進的，即分別寫了三個場景：“On our way to the house...”（前往住處的途中）——“first greeted/Our hosts shared many...”（初次接觸主人家）——“...free from work,they invited us to...”（參與當地活動）。根據作者對這三個場景的敘述，考生也可以找到凸顯作者心態進展的表述：“couldn’t help wondering”—“first greeted/ wonderful places”—“interesting/popular/beautiful”。因此，根據前述分析，并結合已有的關于記敘文的寫作方法，考生可以更深入地分析文章中具體的一些事件，如“take 62 （get）there”“ 65 （recommend）wonderful places”“let us know of an interesting 66 （compete）to watch”“we 69 （invite）to attend a private concert ”以及“ __70 （listen）to musicians and meeting interesting locals”等。結合本文敘事所用的時態及角度，考生可以迅速確定這些表述所需要的結構與形態等。