過去分詞易錯用法盤點

黃月輝

在高中英語語法中，非謂語動詞是個難點。在高考考查的重點中，對于過去分詞的考查令廣大考生極為頭疼。其中考生對于過去分詞及其后賓語間的邏輯關系的考查更是錯誤頻出。

例如下面一題：

? ? ? ? ? in white uniform， he looked more like a cook than a doctor.

A. Dressed? ? ? ? B. To dress

C. Dressing? ? ? D. Having dressed

答案為A。

很多同學首先知道選擇的關鍵是看主語he與動詞dress的邏輯關系，雖然多次強調dress一詞有兩個必記結構：be dressed in， dress oneself in，但是一方面很多同學仍然習慣性地根據句子的漢語意思來選擇答案，因此會理解為“他穿著白色制服”，根據漢語“他”和“穿著”之間的主謂關系，從而忽略dress的特殊之處，即 dress與人實際上是動賓關系，從而選擇了錯誤答案C。另一個做出錯誤選擇的原因是有些同學雖然被動地記住固定表達be dressed in， dress oneself in，但其實沒有真正理解dressed是表示狀態而是不強調過去分詞的被動之意。

錯誤原因：

1. 分不清楚名詞與動詞是主動關系還是被動關系，往往根據動詞的漢語意思來想當然地選擇答案。

2. 對于過去分詞考查難點的知識掌握不牢固，未能深入且真正地理解。

解決辦法：

首先，在學習這些特殊詞時，要仔細查閱詞典，揣摩詞典例句，徹底理解這類詞的用法。以dress 為例，查閱牛津高階英漢雙語詞典便可得知：dress表示 “穿衣服”之意時，可以作及物動詞也可以作不及物動詞，結構為： dress （sb.） （in sth.）。 例如詞典中例句：

I dressed quickly. （此句中dress為不及物動詞）

She dressed herself and the children in their best clothes. （此句中dress為及物動詞，后面接人作賓語而不是衣服類詞語）

dress的及物動詞用法是出題的熱點， 漢語意思為“給（某人）穿衣服”?？疾閷W生對dress與其后的賓語（人）的被動關系。類似的詞有seat， lose， locate， absorb， expose， devote， engage， occupy， fix， involve， trap， bury， face， equip等。要想掌握好這些詞的用法，一定要牢記和理解下面的固定結構：seat oneself at / in “使某人坐在……”，be seated at / in “某人坐在……”;lose oneself in （to sth.） “使沉迷于;使專心致志于……”，be lost in（to the world） “某人專心致志于……（全神貫注于某事而不注意周圍的事情）”;locate sth. in / at “把……安置在或建造于……”，be located

in / at“位于……;坐落于……”;absorb oneself in “使全神貫注……”，be absorbed in “被……吸引住;專心致志;全神貫注……”;expose oneself to“使面臨或遭受（危險或不快）……”，be exposed to “面臨著……，遭受著……”; devote oneself to “使某人自己致力于或專心于……”，be devoted to “致力于或專心于……”;engage oneself in “使從事;使參加……”，be engaged in“忙于;從事于……”; occupy oneself in doing / with “使忙于（做某事）……”，be occupied in doing /with“（某人）忙于（做某事）……”;fix one's eyes / attention on “集中（目光、注意力等）”，be fixed on “（目光、注意力等）被集中于……”;involve oneself in“使參加，加入……”，be involved in “參與，與……有關聯”;trap oneself in “使落入險境，使陷入困境……”，be trapped in “陷入險境，困境……”;bury oneself in“使專心致志于……”，be buried in“某人專心致志于……”;equip oneself with “使配備，使裝備”，be equipped with “某人具備著……”;face oneself with “使某人面臨著……”， be faced with “某人面臨著……”;hide oneself in / at... “使自己躲在……”，be hidden? in / at “某人/物躲在……”;convince oneself of / that... “使確信，使相信……”，be convinced of / that... “某人確信，深信……”;concern oneself about“使某人擔憂……”，be concerned about “對……擔心、憂慮”。

以上結構每一組的第一個固定表達形式都是動賓結構，第二個都是被動形式，而且表示狀態而不表示被動含義。另外be determined to， be based on， be caught in， be stuck in， be intended to do / for， be born in...等固定形式也用過去分詞表示狀態。

因此，做這類題的判斷方法是：如果這些詞后面有賓語則一定是“oneself ”即人或固定的特殊賓語“eyes， attention”等;如果是被動形式，過去分詞后一定是介詞，而沒有名詞或代詞。例如：

In the reading room， we found her? ? ? ? ??at a desk， with her attention? ? ? ? ??on a book.

A. fitting; fixing B. sitting; to be fixed

C. seated; fixed? ? D. sit; fixed

觀察選項和題干后，大家可以看到第一個空后有at而沒有可作賓語的名詞或代詞，因此可選seated或者sitting。結合我們掌握的兩個句型seat oneself at / in， be seated at / in便可確定答案。第二個空也是如此則可斷定考查be fixed on的固定語法。

其次，同學們要切記運用英語時一定要擺脫英漢翻譯式的解題方法。而是要根據所學到的相關知識點來判斷。例如，seat oneself at / in 意為“使某人坐在……”，而不是“某人坐在……”。

總之，要克服非謂語動詞這一易錯點，同學們只要牢固掌握知識，同時訓練英語式思維，最后通過練習檢查鞏固，就一定可以掌握好這類動詞的過去分詞用法。

【牛刀小試】

1. When? ? ? ? ??to danger and conflict， men tend to increase blood pressure，? ? ? ? ??nervous and anxious.

A. exposed; felt B. exposed; feeling

C. exposing; feeling D. exposing; felt

2. Ladies and gentlemen， please remain? ? ? ? ??until the plane has come to a complete stop.

A. seated? ? B. seating

C. to seat? ? D. seat

3. They were so deeply? ? ? ? ??in this matter that they found it hard to pull out.

A. involving? B. being involved

C. to involve? ? D. involved

4.? ? ? ? ??about his own safety， Peter put a card on the back of his car reading “Caution—Newly Licensed.”

A. Having concerned

B. Concerning

C. Concerned

D. Being concerned

5.? ? ? ? ??in her most beautiful skirt， the girl tried to make herself? ? ? ? ??at the party.

A. Dressed; noticed

B. Dressing; noticed

C. Dressed; noticing

D. Dressing; being noticed

6. Ideally? ? ? ? ??for Broadway theatre and Fifth Avenue， the New York Park hotel is a favourite with many guests.

A. locating

B. being located

C. having been located

D. located

7. At least 203 miners were killed， 22? ? ? ? ??and 13? ? ? ? ??in the coal mine gas explosion on Monday afternoon in Fuxin.

A. injuring; trapping

B. injured; trapped

C. injured; trapping

D. injuring; trapped

8. The programme was so? ? ? ? ??that the children kept their eyes? ? ? ? ??on the screen.

A. exciting; fixed? B. exciting; fixing

C. excited; fixed? D. excited; fixing

9.? ? ? ? ??to his research work， the professor cared little about any other things.

A. Devoting? ? B. Devoted

C. Having devoted D. To devote

10.? ? ? ? ??with difficult situation， the president decided to ask his advisors for some good advice.

A. Having faced? B. Face

C. Faced? ? ? ? ? D. To have faced

11.? ? ? ? ??with a camera， a compass and a GPS， the 18 students set out to make a study tour to Huangshan Mountain.

A. Equipping? ? B. Having equipped

C. Equipped? ? ? D. Being equipped

12. When he came back three hours later， they were still sitting on the sofa，? ? ? ? ??in conversation.

A. absorbing? ? ? B. absorbed

C. to absorb? ? D. to be absorbed

13.? ? ? ? ??true events， the film follows the life of Braddock， a boxer in New York.

A. Based on? ? B. Basing on

C. Being based on D. Having based on

14. It is reported that some wild animals were found? ? ? ? ??in a big cave in the mountain.

A. to hide dead? ? B. hidden dead

C. hiding dead? ? D. hidden death

15. In April， thousands of holidaymakers remained? ? ? ? ??abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.

A. sticking? ? ? ? B. to be stuck

C. stuck? ? D. to have stuck

16.? ? ? ? ??that the government can lead them out of the financial crisis， people are optimistic about the future of the country.

A. Convincing? ? B. Convinced

C. To convince D. Having convinced

17. He was so? ? ? ? ??in expanding his business that he nearly forgot he had a family.

A. engaged? ? B. being engaged

C. having engaged D. engaging

18. Have you heard of it？ Firefighters rushed into a burning house， three of them unfortunately? ? ? ? ??in and? ? ? ? ??their lives.

A. caught; losing? B. catching; lost

C. caught; lost? ? D. catching; losing

19. The rich only?? ? ? ? ?themselves in making money and had no eye for the needs and welfare of their workers.

A. devoted? ? B. occupied

C. enjoyed? ? ? D. concerned

20.? ? ? ? ??herself in her studies， Jenny was completely lost to the outside world.

A. Buried? ? ? ? ? B. Being buried

C. Burying? ? ? D. Having buried

21.? ? ? ? ??in thought， he almost ran into the car in front of him.

A. Losing? ? ? ? ? B. Having lost

C. Lost? ? ? ? D. To lose

22. The residents approve of the measures? ? ? ? ??so far in our city，? ? ? ? ??to bring a sharp rise in oil prices.

A. having been taken; intended

B. to be taken; intending

C. taken; to intend

D. taken; intended