正論型議論文讀寫指南

劉珂

文體導讀

正論型議論文，又叫立論文，是議論文的一種。議論文是一種剖析事理、論述事理、發表意見、提出主張的文體。在正論型議論文中，作者同樣使用擺事實、講道理、辨是非、舉例子等寫作方法，從正面對某個問題或事件提出自己的看法，樹立某種主張。有時立論文中也有駁論的要素，但駁論不是立論文的主要部分，其作用在于為正面論證服務。正論型議論文具有觀點明確、論據充分、論證合理、語言精練、邏輯嚴密的特點。

策略導航

1. 巧用彩色筆分析文章。借助彩色筆對文本的不同部分做標注，例如，用紅色筆標注議論文的總論點，用綠色筆標注文章的結論，用黃色筆標注不同段落的分論點，用藍色筆標注論據，用黑色筆在旁標注論證方式等。寫作時，可參考標注的內容，分析文章“引論—本論—結論”的構架。

2. 讀懂分論點的論證角度。正論型議論文的主體部分為本論，是圍繞總論點展開的分析論證。論證過程一般涉及多個分論點，分論點從意義、原因、現狀、問題、危害等某一個或多個不同角度對總論點進行論證。在閱讀文章的本論部分時，分析分論點的論證角度有助于我們判斷議論文是否論據翔實、有足夠的說服力。在寫正論型議論文時，我們也應有意識地從不同角度，并結合多種論證方式，對自己的總論點進行論證。

素材導背

in an era of 在一個……的時代

firmly believe 堅信

take a firm stand on sth 在某事上采取堅定的立場

appeal to sb to do sth 呼吁某人做某事

be damaging to 對……有害

be beneficial to 對……有利

My reasons are as follows. 我的理由如下。

turn a blind eye to sth 對某事視而不見

attach importance to 重視

as a saying goes 正如俗話所說

for example 例如；比如

by contrast 相比之下

all in all 總之

join hands to do sth 攜手合作做某事

案例導練

The malls are often filled with people seeking gifts for their loved ones. Behind the materialistic aspect of shopping for gifts lies the idea of caring and being attentive to the desires of special people in our lives. However， just as a well?worn play on words goes， it is our presence， not our presents that truly counts.

Attention is one of the greatest gifts we can give each other. Companies around the globe spend billions of dollars every year on advertising to catch our attention for just a short moment. Industries like media， entertainment and education rely on the precious gifts of our attention for their continued existence. A baby lacking attention for a long time is likely to be mentally unhealthy.

Unfortunately， modern people run an increasing risk of attention?starvation. In earlier times， both diet and attention could be left unregulated without major cause for concern. There were natural balances： Limited availability of food meant few got fat， for example. Similarly， in bygone times， we might have spent hours communicating with the village storyteller; today， watching an entire TV series， while speaking to nobody， is common. Traditionally， with smaller population， everyone would get considerable attention. On many issues， we might turn to Grandma or Grandpa; now， we have Internet.

Human beings need attention. Giving attention to each other is， to a large extent， what human civilization is based upon. This perhaps explains the success of social?networking sites. While we use such sites for “micro blogging”， “idea voicing” and “status updating”—the reality is that we are just fulfilling our basic human drive for attention exchange.

As more people are busy exchanging attention online， less attention is paid to the real world. The nature of attention exchange is being transformed， and there is a danger that some of us will develop unhealthy practices. Just as eating red meat every day is a bad idea， so it is with too much online attention exchange. The biological consequences of our technological advancement in food production are highly visible： heart disease， diabetes and obesity（肥胖癥）. The social consequences of our transformed attention exchanges may take longer to identify， but they will be equally damaging.

Face?to?face attention is becoming rarer， and therefore more valuable. In a sense， it is priceless. And it is a gift that can be given all?year?round.

Ⅰ.? 閱讀自測

Detail

1. Why do people shop for gifts for their loved ones？

A. To display their materialistic resources.

B. To show their care and attention.

C. To satisfy the desires of their special people.

D. To get important presents in return.

Logic

2. How is the third paragraph developed？

A. By offering explanation.

B. By giving examples.

C. By making comparisons.

D. By providing analysis.

Inference

3. What can we infer from paragraph 5？

A. People no longer pay attention to the real world.

B. The nature of attention exchange has rarely changed.

C. Technological advancement contributes to many diseases.

D. Transformed attention exchanges may do harm to the society.

Gist

4. What is the text mainly intended to do？

A. To analyze the necessity of giving gifts.

B. To call for more focus on real life attention.

C. To give practical tips on attention exchange.

D. To recommend some social networking sites.

Ⅱ.? 語言汲取

（一）正論型議論文常見表達

lie behind 背后的原因是……

just as a well?worn play on words goes 正如老套的文字游戲所說

be likely to do 很可能做……

run an increasing risk of 冒著越來越大的風險

in earlier times 在早期

without cause for concern 沒有令人擔心的理由

in bygone times 在過去的時候

to a large extent 在很大程度上

be based upon 以……為基礎

the reality is that 事實是

transform the nature of sth 改變某物的本質

there is a danger that 有一種危險是……

be equally damaging 是同樣有害的

in a sense 在某種意義上

The consequences are highly visible. 其后果非常顯而易見。

（二）文中優秀表達

be attentive to 關心……

lack attention 缺乏關注

mentally unhealthy 心理不健康的

attention?starvation 關注饑渴癥

leave sth unregulated 使某物不受監管

limited availability of food 有限的食物供應

get considerable attention 獲得相當多的關注

social?networking sites 社交網站

micro blog 微博

idea voice 發表想法

status update 更新狀態

fulfil the basic human drive 滿足人類基本的欲望

technological advancement 技術進步

（三）精彩句式

1. Behind the materialistic aspect of shopping for gifts lies the idea of caring and being attentive to the desires of special people in our lives. 在購買禮物的物質層面的背后，是對我們生活中特殊之人的愿望的在意與關注。

在本句中，地點狀語置于句首，句子完全倒裝。謂語lies放在較長的主語the idea of caring and being attentive to the desires of special people in our lives之前，可避免句子頭重腳輕。

2. A baby lacking attention for a long time is likely to be mentally unhealthy. 一個長期缺乏關注的嬰兒很可能心理不健康。

在本句中，非謂語動詞短語lacking attention for a long time作后置定語，修飾主語A baby，謂語部分is likely to be是表示可能性的常見表達，相當于may be。

3. Giving attention to each other is， to a large extent， what human civilization is based upon. 在很大程度上，給予彼此關注是人類文明的基石。

動名詞詞組Giving attention to each other充當本句主語，what human civilization is based upon為表語從句，to a large extent作插入語，可體現表達的嚴謹。

4. Just as eating red meat every day is a bad idea， so it is with too much online attention exchange. 正如每天吃紅肉是一個糟糕的主意，太多線上的關注交換也是如此。

Just as引導一個表示類比的狀語從句，主句中的so it is with sth是一個固定句型，意為“……也是如此”。

Ⅲ. 句式仿寫

1. 緊張的家庭氛圍背后的原因是家庭成員之間缺乏溝通。

Behind the tense family atmosphere____________________________________.

2. 一個缺乏批判性思維的學生不太可能取得學業上的成功。

A student?_______________________________________ achieve academic success.

3. 在一定程度上，互相理解是和諧關系的基石。

Mutual understanding is， to a certain extent，____________________________________________.

4. 正如定期鍛煉可以強健我們的身體，我們的大腦也是如此。

Just as regular exercise can build up our bodies，?________________________________________.

Ⅳ. 寫作實踐

假定你是學生會主席李華，學校讓你用英語寫一份題為“Let's return to face?to?face interaction”的倡議書，呼吁同學們不要沉迷于網絡社交，回歸面對面交流。要點包括：

1. 倡導回歸面對面交流的原因；

2. 你的倡議。

注意：

1. 詞數80左右；

2. 可以適當增加細節，以使行文連貫。

Let's return to face?to?face interaction

Boys and girls，? ?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Students'?Union

評價導思