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塔河胡楊林核心區退耕地初始年土壤及植被養分特征數值分析

2024-04-28 04:27張優劉茂秀史軍輝王新英艾吉爾·阿不拉張炎
新疆農業科學 2024年3期
關鍵詞:胡楊林

張優 劉茂秀 史軍輝 王新英 艾吉爾·阿不拉 張炎

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.03.020

摘? 要:【目的】研究塔河中下游胡楊林核心區退耕地初始年土壤和植被的養分特征,為胡楊林公益林核心區退耕地生態恢復提供基礎支撐數據。

【方法】以塔河中下游胡楊林核心區退耕地初始年的土壤和植被為研究對象,運用“S”形布點法、野外標準木全株收割法、多點混合方法分別采集植被和土壤樣品,結合室內測定植被和土壤養分特征數值進行分析。

【結果】(1)土壤養分含量和植被營養成分積累量均集中分布在Ⅳ區和Ⅴ區。(2)土壤垂直深度上,養分集中在表層土壤,且隨著土層深度增加,土壤養分含量依次遞減,但是在60~100 cm土層處,呈現小幅增加。不同樣地與不同土層深度之間土壤養分含量差異顯著(P<0.05)。(3)不同樣地中殘存棉花(棉稈、根系)及草本植物中全N、全P、全K、有機碳含量均有顯著差異(P<0.05)。

【結論】胡楊林自然保護區核心區退耕地初始年土壤養分含量較高,有利于荒漠植被群落的生長和發育,提高群落演替速率,有利于塔河胡楊林退耕地植被恢復與環境變化及其相互作用、生態過渡帶植被恢復與區域生態穩定。

關鍵詞:胡楊林;退耕地;初始年;養分特征

中圖分類號:S714??? 文獻標志碼:A??? 文章編號:1001-4330(2024)03-0699-09

收稿日期(Received):

2023-08-09

基金項目:

新疆維吾爾自治區財政林業發展補助項目(XJLYKJ-2022-1);新疆維吾爾自治區財政林業發展補助項目(XJLYKJ-2023-27)

作者簡介:

張優(1997-),女,貴州人,碩士研究生,研究方向為植物營養,(E-mail)463867715@qq.com

通訊作者:

劉茂秀(1976-),女,四川人,副研究員,碩士生導師,研究方向為荒漠化治理及植被恢復,(E-mail)402622019@qq.com

張炎(1965-),女,天津人,研究員,研究方向為土壤、植物營養與施肥技術,(E-mail)yanzhangxj@163.com

0? 引 言

【研究意義】塔里木河胡楊林是新疆暖溫帶干旱荒漠區最主要的森林生態系統,2018年是退耕還林還草工程的第一輪初始年。因此,分析退耕地初始年的土壤及植被狀況等基本特征,是研究退耕還林地植被自然演化規律、土壤變化特征的起點,是胡楊恢復生態學研究的基礎。分析胡楊林退耕地初始年土壤和植被的養分特征,對研究塔河胡楊林退耕地植被恢復與環境變化及其相互作用、生態過渡帶植被恢復與區域生態穩定的關系具有重要意義[1]?!厩叭搜芯窟M展】生態恢復是一個長期的過程,需對地表水、地下水、植被響應、生境條件、生物多樣性等開展長期監測,掌握其動態情況,為采取科學有效的調控措施奠定基礎[2-6];土壤是植被生長發育的載體,對植被恢復具有重要作用[7]。不僅影響植物群落的發生、發育和演替的速度[8],而且也對生態系統過程、生產力和結構等具有重要影響,是植被演替中的主要環境因子[9,10]。土壤條件的變化可以影響植物的萌發、生根,進而影響森林生態系統植被的更新和演替[11]。因此,土壤因子與植物之間關系研究是生態恢復關注的熱點之一[12]?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c】目前塔河流域退耕還林地的研究文獻集中在生態、社會、經濟效益等方面[13-15],目前針對胡楊林不同發育演替階段土壤和植被養分研究多采用空間代替時間的方法[16-18],初始演替階段的土壤和植被的營養狀況影響著群落演替的過程和方向[19-20]。尤其是關于塔里木河退耕還林初始年土壤養分的研究還未見文獻報道。需研究退耕地初始年土壤和植被養分特征,分析垂直塔河不同距離退耕地土壤環境條件的差異性,探討退耕地植被演替、群落結構的改變對生態恢復的響應及相互關系?!緮M解決的關鍵問題】以塔河中下游胡楊林核心區退耕還林地為研究對象,分析垂直塔河不同距離胡楊林退耕地初始年土壤和植被的養分特征,為胡楊林退耕地自然生態恢復提供基礎數據支撐。

1? 材料與方法

1.1? 材 料

研究區位于新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州輪臺縣和尉犁縣。輪臺縣(83°38′E~85°25′E,41°05′N~42°32′E),屬于暖溫帶大陸性干旱氣候,年平均氣溫為10.9℃,無霜期為180~224 d。

尉犁縣(84°02′E~89°58′E,40°10′N~41°39′N),屬暖溫帶大陸性荒漠氣候,冷熱差異懸殊,溫度的年月變化大,全年熱量豐富但不穩定,空氣干燥,蒸發強勁,降水稀少,且年際變化大,光照充足,全年平均日照2 975 h。土壤以胡楊林土、荒漠土、鹽堿土和風沙土為主。植被類型主要以荒漠河岸林、鹽生草甸為主,主要有胡楊(Populus euphratica)、檉柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、駱駝刺(Alhagi sparsifo-lia Shap)、鈴鐺刺(Halimodendron halodendron)、脹果甘草(Glycyrrhiza inflata Batalin)、蘆葦(Phragmites australis)等,胡楊為該地區喬木層主要建群種[21]。

1.2? 方 法

1.2.1? 試驗設計

2018年6月,在新疆輪臺縣與尉犁縣胡楊1.07×104 hm2(16萬畝)的退耕還林地中,垂直塔河1、2、3、3.5和4 km的退耕還林區域,選擇大量集中連片的退耕地作為監測區,在每個監測區內按照“S”形布點法布設7個30×30(m)的標準樣地,共設置35個標準樣地。在每個標準樣地中設置5個5 m×5 m的草本小樣方,共175個小樣方。標準樣地的四角用PVC管定點固定。表1,圖1

1.2.2? 樣品采集

在設置的標準樣地中按“S”型連續取樣多點混合采集土壤樣品。在標準樣地內布設7個采樣點,分5層采集0~100 cm土壤樣品,層次分別為0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm和60~100 cm。將每個樣方中同層土樣混合為一個樣,每份混合樣約1.0 kg左右,共計175個份土樣。土壤樣品采集后裝入樣品袋中帶回實驗室經過自然風干后過篩待測。在已選擇好的標準樣方中,采用全株收割法對已選擇好的標準樣方中采集所有植被,分為殘存棉花(地上、地下)、草本(地上)采集,共計525份植物樣品,取部分樣品帶回實驗室殺青后烘干和粉碎待檢測使用。

1.2.3? 測定指標

土壤堿解N采用堿解蒸餾法測定;植物全氮采用H2SO4-H2O2消煮法測定;土壤速效磷和植物的全磷采用0.5 mol/L NaHCO3浸提鉬銻抗比色法測定;土壤速效鉀和植物全鉀采用NH4OAc浸提-火焰光度法測定;土壤有機質和植物有機碳采用H2SO4-K2Cr2O7外加熱法測定[22]。

1.3? 數據處理

運用SPSS26.0完成對土壤養分的描述性統計分析及獨立樣本Kruskal-Wallis統計分析,利用單因素LSD分析對棉花植被和草本層營養特征分析,用ArcGIS進行研究區的制作。

2? 結果與分析

2.1? 永久監測區退耕地初始年土壤養分特征

研究表明,5個監測區土壤各養分含量之間存在顯著差異(P<0.05)。土壤有機質含量區間在3.81~8.46 g/kg,堿解N含量區間是14.55~23.79 mg/kg,有效P含量區間在4.30~13.09 mg/kg,速效K含量區間在95.63~168.00 mg/kg。5個不同監測區中土壤有機質含量由高到低依次是Ⅴ區>Ⅳ區>Ⅰ區>Ⅱ區>Ⅲ區,Ⅴ區(8.46 g/kg)比Ⅲ區(3.81 g/kg)高達55%;堿解 N含量由高到低依次是Ⅳ區>Ⅰ區>Ⅴ區>Ⅱ區>Ⅲ區,Ⅳ區(23.79 mg/kg)比Ⅲ區(14.55 mg/kg)高達39%;有效P和有機碳含量由高到低依次是Ⅴ>Ⅳ>Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ。有效P和速效K含量分別在Ⅴ區(13.09、168.00 mg/kg)均比在Ⅰ區(4.30、95.63 mg/kg)中高,分別高出67%和43%。表2

有機質含量區間在2.21~10.75 g/kg,堿解N含量區間在4.37~44.53 mg/kg;有效P含量區間在0.67~25.02 mg/kg,速效K的含量區間在50.77~200.02 mg/kg,監測研究區的土壤養分均在土層垂直深度上有顯著差異(P<0.05)。在不同樣地中有機質和堿解N含量均在0~10 cm的土層中最高,有效P和速效K在0~20 cm的淺層土壤中高于深層土壤的養分含量。60~100 cm的土壤速效K、有機質和堿解N的含量均有小幅增加,有效P含量僅在Ⅳ區和Ⅴ區增加,且在Ⅰ區中呈現極顯著(P<0.01)。

棉稈中養分含量在各樣地中分布較均勻,但是根系在Ⅰ區和Ⅱ區全P和全K的含量遠高于區于其他3個采樣區的含量。表3

2.2? 永久監測區退耕地初始年植物營養特征

2.2.1? 殘存棉稈及根系營養特征

研究表明,塔河中下游退耕地5個永久監測研究區內殘存棉稈和根系的養分含量。在棉稈中,全P含量區間是1.54~1.71 g/kg,全K含量區間是24.01~28.38 g/kg,全N含量區間是9.59~13.25 g/kg,有機碳含量區間是284.67~439.00 g/kg。在根系中,全P的含量區間是1.30~3.85 g/kg,全K含量區間是13.2~35.1 g/kg,全N含量區間7.73~13.1 g/kg,有機碳的含量區間277~420 g/kg。不同監測區中棉稈和根系的養分含量均有顯著差異(P<0.05)。表4

2.2.2? 退耕地初始年草本層營養特征

研究表明,全P含量區間在1.35~4.14 g/kg,全K的含量區間在16.4~41.67 g/kg,全N的含量區間在14.22~27.62 g/kg,有機碳的含量區間在247.57~333.33 g/kg,表明5個監測區草本層各養分含量之間存在顯著差異(P<0.05)。其中全P和全K的含量在不同監測區之間的變化趨勢一致,且全P和全K的含量由高到低依次是Ⅳ區>Ⅴ區>Ⅲ區>Ⅱ區>Ⅰ區,全N含量在不同樣地中由高到低依次是Ⅰ區>Ⅳ區>Ⅴ區>Ⅱ區>Ⅲ區,有機碳在不同樣地中由高到低依次是Ⅰ區>Ⅴ區>Ⅳ區>Ⅱ區>Ⅲ區。表5

3? 討 論

3.1

原初土壤環境的差異會導致群落演替過程中物種多樣性的變化[23-25]、生物群落的發生、發育和演替的速度[26-28],是影響退化生態系統生態功能恢復與維持的關鍵因素之一[29]。研究中5個監測區初始年土壤各養分含量之間存在顯著差異((P<0.05)),可能影響區域內胡楊、檉柳以及駱駝刺等不同生物群落的發生、發育,將對維持退化荒漠生態系統生態產生顯著影響[30]。研究監測區域退耕地土壤平均養分含量(有機質5.108 g/kg,堿解N 17.11 mg/kg,有效P 8.61 mg/kg,速效K 108.99 mg/kg)高于天然胡楊幼齡林(有機質4.41 g/kg,堿解N 13.67 mg/kg,有效P 1.42 mg/kg,速效K 83.97 mg/kg),其中有效P含量接近于近熟林(9.84 mg/kg)[31],有機質含量接近于樟子松人工林中齡林[37]而低于油松天然次生林的有機質含量[32]。因人工施肥原因致使監測區域退耕地的初始年土壤養分含量較高,可能促進胡楊、檉柳等植物群落發生、發育和演替速度,從而減少了向頂級群落演替的時間[33]。因此,胡楊林退耕還林區域具備向頂級群落演替的土壤營養條件。

3.2

植被的恢復與重建是漫長的過程[34],其恢復效果主要通過不同年限來體現。土壤有機質含量和生物多樣性指數隨著退耕年限(1、2、4年)的增加而緩慢增加[35-36];退耕年限(1、8、20年)越長,有機質分解將釋放出更多的養分元素,其中植被全N、全P的含量不斷增加,土壤堿解N、速效P的含量也呈現出不同程度的上升趨勢,從而使土地地力逐漸恢復[37];退耕地農田在轉變為人工草地(1、6年)與次生草地(14、30年)的過程中,土壤有機碳的含量增幅可達70%左右[38]。關于胡楊林退耕地的研究均集中在綜合生態效益評價研究上[39-41],且大多數研究退耕地的自然恢復時間均選擇在退耕地1年以后。

研究監測區域的退耕地初始年的土壤及植被養分狀況尤為重要是胡楊林植被恢復的基礎,更具有代表性。

監測區位于輪臺縣與尉犁縣胡楊重點公益林區1.07×104 hm2(16萬畝)的退耕還林地中,面積約為200 hm2(3 000畝),規模之大而退耕地初始年作為研究起始年,

4? 結 論

4.1

在垂直塔河的采樣區中土壤養分含量在IV區V區高于其他三個區,草本層營養成分含量與土壤養分特征相符合,而棉稈中的營養成分含量相對較均勻,棉花根系中的營養含量與距離塔河的遠近有關。距離塔河越近,根系營養含量受影響越大,根系養分含量越高。其原因可能是與水分有關,研究中Ⅰ區、Ⅱ區靠近塔河其根系養分含量顯著高于其他區。

4.2

土壤速效K和有機質在不同監測研究區中差異顯著(P<0.05),隨采樣點距離的增加,土壤有效P和速效K的含量呈逐漸增加的趨勢,有機質和堿解N的含量呈先遞減后增加的趨勢,土壤養分含量主要集中在Ⅳ區和Ⅴ區。不同樣地中的土壤養分均在土層垂直深度上有顯著差異(P<0.05),速效鉀除外。五個樣區中土壤養分均集中在表層土壤,且均隨著土層深度的增加,土壤養分含量呈逐漸遞減的趨勢,但在60~100 cm處有小幅增加。

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Numerical analysis of soil and vegetation nutrient characteristics in the initial year of returning farmland in the core area of Tarim River Populus euphratica forest

ZHANG You 1,2,3,LIU Maoxiu2,4,SHI Junhui 2,4,WANG Xinying 2,4,Aijier Abula 2,4,ZHANG Yan3

(1. College of Resources and Environment,Xinjiang Agricultural University,Urumqi 830052,China; 2.Research Station of Riparian Populus Euphratica Forest Ecosystem Positioning and Monitoring in Tarim River of Xinjiang,Urumqi 830046,China; 3.Research Institute of Soil,Fertilizer and Agricultural Water Conservation,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi 830091,China; 4.Institute of Afforestation and Desertification Control,Xinjiang Academy of Forestry,Urumqi 830046)

Abstract:【Objective】 To preliminarily study the nutrient characteristics of soil and vegetation in the initial year of the abandoned land in the core area of Populus euphratica public welfare forest in the middle and lower reaches of the Tahe River in the hope of providing basic data support for the ecological restoration of the abandoned land in the area.

【Methods】? The soil and vegetation in the core area of Populus euphratica forest in the middle and lower reaches of the Tahe River were taken as the research object in the initial year of returning farmland.The "S" shaped distribution method,field standard whole tree harvesting method,and multi-point mixing method were used to collect vegetation and soil samples,and indoor analysis methods were used to measure vegetation and soil nutrients.

【Results】? (1)The soil nutrient content and the accumulation of vegetation nutrient components were concentrated in Zone IV and Zone V.(2)At the vertical depth of the soil,nutrients were concentrated in the surface soil,and as the soil depth increased,the soil nutrient content decreased in sequence.However,at the 60-100 cm soil layer,there was a slight increase.There was significant difference in soil nutrient content between different soil layers and depths(P<0.05).(3)And there were significant differences in the total N,total P,total K,and organic carbon content of residual cotton(cotton stalks,roots) and herbaceous plants in different fields(P<0.05).

【Conclusion】? This study indicates that the initial annual soil nutrient content of the abandoned land in the core area of the Populus euphratica forest nature reserve is high,which is conducive to the occurrence and development of desert vegetation communities and improve the community succession rate,and it is of great significance for the vegetation restoration and environmental changes in the abandoned land of the Populus euphratica forest in Tahe,as well as the relationship between ecological transition zone vegetation restoration and regional ecological stability.

Key words:Populus euphratica forest; returned farmland; initial year; nutrient characteristics

Fund projects:Autonomous Region Financial Forestry Development Subsidy Project (XJLYKJ-2022-1); Autonomous Region Finance Forestry Development Subsidy Project (XJLYKJ-2023-27)

Correspondence author:LIU Maoxiu (1976-), female, from Sichuan,associate researcher, research direction: desertification control and vegetation restoration,(E-mail)402622019@qq.com

Zhang Yan(1965-), female, from Tianjin,researcher, research direction: soil and plant nutrition and fertilization technology,(E-mail)yanzhangxj@163.com

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