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源自羅伊氏乳桿菌的活性物質及其潛在應用

2024-01-15 12:44田兆紅
安徽農業科學 2024年1期
關鍵詞:應用

摘要? 羅伊氏乳桿菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)屬于乳酸菌,是人類和動物胃腸道中乳桿菌屬的主要物種之一。綜述來源于羅伊氏乳桿菌的活性代謝物,包括其在不同培養基中的培養物、代謝物、非活菌株和無細胞上清液。從益生菌、醫藥應用、食物保存3個方面系統分析羅伊氏乳桿菌活性代謝產物的應用,為源于羅伊氏乳桿菌的活性物質的潛在應用研究提供參考。

關鍵詞? 羅伊氏乳桿菌;活性代謝物;應用

中圖分類號? TS201.3? 文獻標識碼? A? 文章編號? 0517-6611(2024)01-0001-06

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2024.01.001

開放科學(資源服務)標識碼(OSID):

Active Substances from Lactobacillus reuteri and Their Potential Applications

TIAN Zhao-hong

(Yulin Food and Drug Inspection and Testing Center,Yulin,Guangxi 537000)

Abstract? Lactobacillus reuteri belongs to the lactic acid bacteria and is one of the main species of Lactobacillus in the human and animal gastrointestinal tract. This paper reviews the active metabolites of Lactobacillus reuteri, including their cultures, metabolites, inactive strains, and cell-free supernatants in different media, systematically analyzes the application of active metabolites of Lactobacillus reuteri from three aspects: probiotics, pharmaceutical applications, and food preservation, so as to provide reference for the potential application research of active substances derived from Lactobacillus reuteri.

Key words? Lactobacillus reuteri;Active metabolite;Application

基金項目? 廣西科技基地和人才專項(桂科AD22080002)。

作者簡介? 田兆紅(1968—),女,廣西玉林人,副主任藥師,從事食品藥品質量分析研究。

收稿日期? 2023-01-02

羅伊氏乳桿菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)屬于乳酸菌,是人類和動物胃腸道中乳桿菌屬的主要物種之一,屬于乳桿菌的專性異源發酵群,可以基于磷酸酮酶的代謝途徑來利用碳水化合物,可以單獨發酵葡萄糖,并產生最終產物乳酸、乙醇和CO2。1965年Reuter[1]將該物種重新分類為“發酵乳桿菌生物型II”。1980年Kandler等[2]發現了羅伊氏乳桿菌和其他發酵乳桿菌生物型之間的顯著差異,并最終將其確定為一個獨特的物種,并以發現者Gerhard Reuter的名字將該物種命名為“Reuteri”。羅伊氏乳桿菌是唯一一種在各種動物腸道中構成18種主要乳酸桿菌“主要成分”的細菌[3]。在動物和人類中,羅氏乳桿菌可以在出生和哺乳過程中通過乳腺導管從母親傳播給新生動物或嬰兒。然而不同來源的羅氏乳桿菌菌株表現出宿主特異性定殖特征。羅伊氏乳桿菌菌株為革蘭氏陽性,其細胞是略微不規則的彎曲棒,末端呈圓形,大小通常為(0.7~1.0)μm×(2.0~3.0)μm[4]。該研究以物質為線索,回顧了來源于羅氏乳桿菌的活性物質及其應用,包括羅伊氏菌素(Reuterin、Reutericin、Reutericyclin)、胞外多糖、有機酸和菌株(活菌和非活菌)等,以期為源于羅伊氏乳桿菌的活性物質的潛在應用研究提供參考。

1? 來源于羅伊氏乳桿菌活性物質

1.1? Reuterin

Reuterin,即3-乳醛(3-HPA),由Geoffrey于1742年首次觀察到,由Nef[5]首次描述。直到1910年,Voisenet[6]發現,在甘油發酵過程中,3-HPA作為中間體在甘油脫水酶催化下形成。Reuterin最獨特和吸引人的特點是其強大的抗菌活性。Reuterin的生產涉及兩步酶促反應[7],其中甘油首先由甘油脫水酶脫水生成Reuterin[8];同時糖酵解產生的NADH / H +被氧化成NAD +。其次,如果供給過量的葡萄糖,一部分Reuterin被NAD +依賴的氧化還原酶進一步還原為甘油發酵的終產物1,3 -丙二醇[9],剩余的則在溶液中積累。

1.2? Reutericin

Reutericin 是細菌產生的一種蛋白質類毒素,能抑制與其相似或密切相關的細菌菌株的生長。羅伊氏乳桿菌L22可產生抗耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌作用[10]物質,可以引起細胞抑制和細胞死亡。另一株羅伊氏乳桿菌菌株被發現在生物聚合物膜中產生Reutericin,可使細菌完全抑制一周[11]。來源于紅高粱ogi的羅伊氏乳桿菌產生的細菌素抑制了分離自白玉米ogi的羅伊氏乳桿菌的生長[12]。研究最深入的是Reutericin 6,它是一種環狀II類細菌素,主要針對革蘭氏陽性菌和密切相關的乳桿菌物種[13]。1991年首次被報道為羅伊氏乳桿菌LA6菌株的代謝產物[14],該菌株從人類嬰兒糞便中分離出來。純品Reutericin 6為疏水性蛋白,分子量為5.6 kD[15]。發現其對商業菌株包括嗜酸乳桿菌、德氏乳桿菌保加利亞亞種和乳酸亞種具有溶菌作用。這種環狀蛋白的抗菌機制被認為是在靶細菌的細胞膜上形成孔道,引起膜去極化和小細胞成分外排,導致細胞死亡[13,15]。

1.3? Reutericyclin

Reutericyclin是第一個從乳酸菌羅伊氏乳桿菌LTH2584中分離的低分子量抗生素。它是一種天然存在的、兩親性的、具有黃褐色(其結構見圖1)的特特拉姆酸液體[16]。羅伊氏乳桿菌LTH2584存在于酸面團中,在酸面團發酵過程中能夠原位產生Reutericyclin。其他來源相同的菌株如TMW1.106、TMW1.112和TMW1.656也能產生Reutericyclin。Reutericyclin有助于羅伊氏乳桿菌在生面團中的穩定存在[17-18]。據報道,它對許多革蘭氏陽性菌具有殺菌和抑菌活性,包括乳酸菌、枯草芽孢桿菌、蠟樣芽孢桿菌、糞腸球菌、金黃色葡萄球菌和無害李斯特菌,但不影響革蘭氏陰性菌[18]。其作用方式是作為質子離子載體,將質子跨過細胞膜,耗散跨膜pH電位[19]。

1.4? 胞外多糖EPS

關于羅伊氏乳桿菌合成EPS的早期報道是在1998年[20],其中菌株reuteri LB 121在蔗糖培養基中同時產生葡聚糖和果聚糖,但在棉子糖中只產生果聚糖。截至目前,發現的大多數EPS都是同型多糖。EPS在保護細胞免受干燥、吞噬作用和噬菌體攻擊、參與金屬離子的攝取、提供更高的氧張力、作為黏合劑、植物和細菌之間的相互作用以及黏細菌中發現的發育系統中可能非常重要[21]。EPS在發酵食品[22]的流變行為和質地中起著關鍵作用,并提高了保質期。EPS的一些健康促進活性已被提出,包括免疫調節活性[22]、抗氧化潛力[22]、抗病毒[23]、抗癌[24]和益生潛力[25]。

1.5? 有機酸

作為一種乳酸菌,羅伊氏乳桿菌可以產生多種有機酸,如乳酸、乙酸、甲酸、丁酸、苯乳酸、丙酸、咖啡酸、羥基苯基乳酸、羥基苯基苯甲酸和脂肪酸等。其抗菌特性與有機酸的酸化作用有關,從而抑制腐敗菌的生長。其中,3-苯基乳酸(PLA)由于其有效的抗菌活性,是一種廣譜抗菌化合物而引起了人們極大的興趣。羅伊氏乳桿菌在添加苯丙氨酸的MRS培養基中可以形成3 -苯基乳酸[ 26 ]。

1.6? 細胞及其相關物

雖然不屬于傳統的代謝物,但細胞(或菌株)是來源于羅伊氏乳桿菌的重要物質,在各個領域得到應用。由活細胞通過加熱或噴霧干燥制備的非活細胞在臨床領域得到應用。羅伊氏乳桿菌DSMZ 17648被證實有潛力作為一種新的方式來減少幽門螺旋桿菌的負荷[27]。給予熱滅活的羅伊氏乳桿菌GMNL-263可以顯著下調肥胖大鼠的體脂和防止心肌細胞損傷[28]。它可以重新激活IGF1R / PI3K / Akt細胞存活途徑,減少高脂飲食喂養的倉鼠心臟中脂肪誘導的心肌細胞凋亡[29]。該菌株在改善高脂飲食誘導的肥胖大鼠的代謝功能方面也表現出類似的效果[30],并且可以通過TGF-β抑制減輕高脂飲食倉鼠肝臟和心臟的纖維化作用[31]。羅伊氏乳桿菌ATCC-PTA-6475的裂解物可以上調宿主催產素,與活細胞的功能相同[32]。

1.7? 其他活性代謝物

羅伊氏乳桿菌的其他活性代謝產物,如二氧化碳、乙醇、過氧化氫、乙偶姻、雙乙酰[33]等,可能具有生物防腐作用。有報道羅伊氏乳桿菌可以將組氨酸轉化為組胺[34]。組胺具有重要的生理功能,包括抑制腫瘤壞死因子的產生和腸道炎癥[35]。

2? 羅伊氏乳桿菌活性代謝產物的應用

來源于羅伊氏乳桿菌的活性代謝物的應用是由其性質決定的。作為益生菌,臨床上用作補充劑或藥物以及作為食品保鮮劑最為常見。

2.1? 羅伊氏乳桿菌作為益生菌

一些菌株如LR5、LR6、LR9、Pg4和ATCC 55730[36-38]等已被證明能夠耐受低pH、膽鹽和十二指腸液,可以通過胃腸道的上部而存活。一些羅伊氏菌通過產生抗菌物質發揮益生菌作用,例如DPC16、DSM 20016和JCM 1112產生Reuterin[39],RC-14產生H2O2。許多菌株通過競爭排斥作用為宿主提供益處,如羅伊氏菌ATCC 55730[40],這需要相對較強的疏水特性,以便其容易黏附在腸道并居住在腸道中[36]。菌株的免疫調節可能對宿主有益。據報道,ATCC 55730、ATCC PTA 6475、100-23和CRL1324等菌株在人的[41-45]和動物細胞中觸發免疫反應。表1列出了一些具有免疫調節特性的菌株及其對應的模式。

作為益生菌,羅伊氏菌株在人和動物中都已有應用。它主要對人類腸道、泌尿生殖道或口腔有益處。傳統的腸道益生菌是酸奶等乳制品[52]。食用含有羅伊氏乳桿菌的酸奶顯著減少了變形鏈球菌的口腔攜帶[53]。服用NCIMB 30242菌株膠囊有利于改善胃腸道健康狀況[54]。在非乳制品中的應用,如制成燕麥奶[55]和杏仁奶[56]。此外,它還可用于功能性食品,如樺木基益生菌發酵飲料[57]、奶油[58]和高膽固醇血癥成人酸奶配方[59]。該菌株被用作泌尿生殖道益生菌,其形式為陰道內膠囊、栓劑[60],以防止病原體如GBS定植[44],可以替代抗生素治療齲齒、牙齦炎和慢性牙周炎的新模式[61-64],用于抑制產生口腔異味的細菌以改善口臭[65]。

在動物中,羅伊氏乳桿菌益生菌可以促進生長,提高飼料利用效率,防止腹瀉,并調節家禽和/或家畜的免疫系統[66];顯著提高沙門氏菌誘導的雞白痢感染模型的存活率,并有望改善E.艾美球蟲實驗性感染肉雞的腸道健康和生長性能[67]。

2.2? 醫藥應用

羅伊氏乳桿菌的藥物應用是治療容易暴露于細菌感染的系統中的疾病,如口腔、皮膚、傷口、胃腸道和泌尿生殖道。一項關于DSM 17938菌株治療兒童腹瀉疾病的薈萃分析顯示,它減少了腹瀉的持續時間,增加了治愈的機會。在預防性環境中,羅伊氏乳桿菌有可能降低其他健康兒童社區獲得腹瀉的風險[68],該菌株具有降低壞死性小腸結腸炎和晚發型敗血癥風險的潛力[69]。

在抗幽門螺桿菌的治療中,益生菌如乳酸桿菌GG[70]已被證明可以減輕胃炎的嚴重程度。Goossens 總結了胃腸病學中的益生菌,其中治療和抗幽門螺桿菌不包括羅伊氏乳桿菌[71]。因此,近年來羅伊氏乳桿菌已用于幽門螺桿菌引起的胃炎、胃和十二指腸潰瘍以及胃惡性腫瘤的治療。羅伊氏乳桿菌也是一個很好的候選輔助治療[72]。截至目前,ATCC 55730[ 73-75]、DSM 17938[ 76-77]、ATCC PTA 6475[78-79]菌株被報道可作為抗幽門螺桿菌治療的補充。與三聯療法相比,補充羅伊氏乳桿菌使根除率更高,不良反應發生率低。一些試點研究發現,非活細胞(菌株DSMZ 17648)能有效控制幽門螺桿菌[27,80]。與活的益生菌細胞相比,非活細胞的優點是儲存和運送要求較低,保質期延長,生產成本降低[27],可以拓寬羅伊氏乳桿菌的應用模式。

該菌在泌尿生殖道的應用主要用于婦科疾病如陰道病。目前只有極少數菌株進行了臨床試驗。RC-14是目前報道最多的株[60,81-86],PBS072株[87]也在其中??蓡为毷褂?,也可作為補充劑或與其他益生菌以陰道膠囊、栓劑[ 60]或口服[ 81-82]的形式混合使用,它可以減少婦女的陰道病原體定植率,是一種替代的、無副作用的治療方法。

據報道,羅伊氏乳桿菌GMNL-89具有抗炎活性[88]。它可以用來治療和/或緩解與炎癥相關的疾病,如類風濕性關節炎。KCTC-10301BP和GMNL-89菌株可用于預防和/或治療肥胖或糖尿?。?89-90]。DSM 122460菌株對治療特應性皮炎有益[91 ]。DSM 17938菌株可能是一個有用的補充,為全身性鎳過敏綜合征患者,以恢復腸道穩態的條件[92]。ATCC 55730菌株用于預防IgE相關性濕疹[93]。

2.3? 食物保存

在食品保藏領域,羅伊氏菌株的強力抗菌活性是必要的。在某些情況下,低酸度利于食品保存,然而這可能會改變食物的味道。在添加甘油的食品發酵中產生的Reuterin 看起來很有吸引力,前提是不對食品的生化、物理和感官特性產生負面影響。INIA P572株已被證明具有這些優異的性能[94]。然而,如果僅僅利用Reuterin 優良的抗菌性能,它只是一種食品添加劑。因此,提出了一種新的生物保鮮劑系統,由含有羅伊氏乳桿菌和甘油的海藻酸鈉涂層組成。為了控制腐敗細菌和真菌的生長,羅伊氏乳桿菌可以添加在食品加工過程中,它發酵食品本身[95],也可以被添加到薄膜中并進一步用于控制無害李斯特菌[12]。羅伊氏乳桿菌在食品保鮮中的應用見表2。

4? 展望

羅伊氏乳桿菌是唯一能使多種動物腸道中存在的主要乳酸桿菌物種成為“主要成分”的細菌[13]。源自羅伊氏乳桿菌的活性物質在很長一段時間內對人類和動物有益。除了輕微的副作用,如腹脹、脹氣等,羅伊氏乳桿菌將在益生菌、生物保鮮劑和疾病治療領域得到廣泛應用。作為益生菌,可用于腸道功能失調的人群,如嬰幼兒或剛剛接受過長期抗生素治療的人群,盡管已有研究證明其安全性,但還需要長期的后續安全評估。一些菌株如RC-14已經臨床試驗發現其在治療疾病中的廣泛應用,如陰道炎等。其他菌株也顯示出良好的臨床治療效果,但尚需要進一步研究。非活性菌株及其應用的研究才剛剛起步,值得進一步研究??傊?,來源于羅伊氏乳桿菌的活性物質的應用具有研發前景、值得期待。

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