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過去分詞用法速記

2018-01-27 19:06徐詩祺
高中生學習·高二版 2017年12期
關鍵詞:被動語態主句分詞

徐詩祺

過去分詞即動詞的-ed形式。從時間關系上看,強調動作已完成;從主被動關系上看,強調動作被做。過去分詞兼具動詞、形容詞和副詞的功能,在句中可以充當表語、定語、狀語和賓語補足語。

[基本用法]

1. 作表語

過去分詞作表語時,主要表示主語的特征或狀態。如:

He looked disappointed after he lost the match.

過去分詞與動詞的被動語態形式相同,但強調的重點不同。如:

Dont choose that bicycle because it is broken.

不要選那輛自行車,因為它是壞的。(過去分詞作表語)

The bicycle was broken in an accident.

自行車是在一次事故中被損壞的。(被動語態)

這類作表語的過去分詞在詞典中許多已被標注為形容詞,如disappointed,interested,broken,pleased,surprised,tired,qualified,known等。

2. 作定語

單個的過去分詞通常作前置定語,強調動作已完成。如:

All the fallen leaves have been cleared away. (fallen強調已完成“落下”)

The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital. (injured強調被動“被傷害”)

過去分詞短語通常作后置定語,可與定語從句互換。如:

The suggestion made by the foreign expert (=which was made by the foreign expert) was adopted by the manager.

He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London(=which was polluted by the dirty water from London).

3. 作狀語

過去分詞作狀語,與主句的主語構成邏輯上的主謂關系??梢员硎緯r間、原因、條件、讓步、方式等等,并可與相應的狀語從句或并列句互換。

表示時間。如:

Shown around the library (=After students were shown around the library), students were taken to the dining hall.

Seen from the top of the tower (=When the village is seen from the top of the tower), the village looks more beautiful.

表示原因。如:

Deeply inspired by his speech (=Because we were inspired by his speech), we decided to achieve our own dreams to the best of our ability.

表示條件。如:

Given one more chance (=If I am given one more chance), I will finish the work faster and better.

表示讓步。如:

Trained ten hours a day (=Even if he is trained ten hours a day), he will still be a fool.

Warned of the danger (=Although he was warned of the danger), he still skated on the thin ice.

表示方式或伴隨。如:

The teacher walked into the classroom, followed by a group of students(=and was followed by a group of students).

Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job(=My father and I were seated at the table and talking about my job).

4. 作賓語補足語

過去分詞作賓語補足語,與賓語構成邏輯上的主謂關系,句中的謂語通常為感官動詞see,hear,notice,watch,find,feel等,或使役動詞get,have,make等,以及leave,keep,want等詞。部分句子可與賓語從句互換。如:

The manager was satisfied to see many new products developed after great effort.(=The manager was satisfied to see that many new products were developed after great effort.)endprint

I found the door closed when I got home.(=I found that the door was closed when I got home.)

When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.

The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didnt taste delicious.

當這類句子變成主動語態時,過去分詞也充當主語補足語。如:

The door was found closed when I got home.

Most of the dishes were left untouched.

[易錯點]

1. 不規則變化

并不是所有詞的過去分詞都是直接在詞尾加ed。

有些過去式和過去分詞均保持原形。如:let(let,let);hit(hit,hit);cast(cast,cast);read(read,read)。

有些過去式發生變化,過去分詞依舊保持原形。如:come(came,come);become(became,become)。

有些過去分詞會發生不規則變化。如:arise(arose,arisen);understand(understood,understood);teach(taught,taught);take(took,taken);sink(sank,sunk)。

有些動詞可能存在多個意思,不同的釋義過去分詞不同。如:lie(lied,lied)表示說謊,lie(lay,lain)表示躺著;hang(hung,hung)表示懸掛,hang(hanged,hanged)表示絞死。

有的動詞過去分詞需要雙寫最后一個字母,現在分詞不用。如:write(written,writing)。

2. 邏輯主語

過去分詞作狀語時,其邏輯主語必須是主句的主語。如:

那本書用簡單的英語所寫,因此非常受中國中學生歡迎。

Written in simple English, the book is very popular with Chinese middle school students.(T)

Written in simple English, Chinese middle school students are very fond of the book.(F)

小偷躲在洞穴里,成功避免被(警察)抓獲。

Hidden in the cave, the thief managed to avoid capture.(T)

Hidden in the cave, the police couldnt catch the thief.(F)

如分詞邏輯主語與主句主語不一致,則需使用with的復合結構或獨立主格——由名詞或代詞充當邏輯主語,分詞、形容詞等充當邏輯謂語的結構。如:

The murderer was brought to court, with his hands tied at the back. (tied的邏輯主語為his hands)

The lecture given(=After the lecture was given), a lively question and answer session followed. (given的邏輯主語為the lecture)

隨著英語的廣泛時候,現在有些過去分詞短語已經直接作固定搭配使用,不用考慮其邏輯主語。如:given that“鑒于,考慮到”;provided that“如果,假設”。

Given that theyre inexperienced, theyve done a good job.

Provided that circumstances permit, we shall hold the meeting next week.

3. 與現在分詞的區別

過去分詞和現在分詞都可以充當形容詞,意思有差別。如: disappointing(令人失望的),disappointed(失望的);puzzling(令人迷惑的), puzzled(迷惑的)。通常情況下,現在分詞修飾事物,過去分詞修飾人。但修飾表情、笑容等時,一般使用過去分詞。如:a disappointed expression(失望的表情),an embarrassed smile(尷尬的笑容)。

過去分詞強調被動或已完成,現在分詞強調主動或正在進行。因此,在作定語時,它們也有一些區別。如:fallen leaves(落葉),falling leaves(正在飄落的葉子);developed countries(發達國家),developing countries(發展中國家)。endprint

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