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STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin在食管鱗癌上皮間質轉化中的研究

2021-06-02 04:23徐夏江海陳豫民王琰
中國醫學創新 2021年11期

徐夏 江海 陳豫民 王琰

【摘要】 目的:探究STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin在食管鱗癌上皮間質轉化過程中產生的影響。方法:采用RT-qPCR方法檢測50例食管鱗癌組織及癌旁正常組織中STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin的mRNA水平表達,分析癌組織、癌旁正常組織相對表達量與臨床病理特征間的關系;隨機抽取4例食管鱗癌患者組織標本,采用Western blot方法檢測STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin蛋白水平表達。采用RT-qPCR及Western blot方法檢測三種食管鱗癌細胞株中STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin表達,篩選出1株高表達STAT3的菌株,用STAT3的小干擾RNA轉染。對照組轉染雙鏈無義RNA,轉染成功后進行細胞劃痕實驗及Transwell細胞侵襲實驗。結果:50例食管鱗癌組織中STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin相對表達量分別為(1.81±0.62)、(0.68±0.23)、(1.48±0.56);癌旁正常組織為(0.54±0.23)、(2.03±0.64)、(0.61±0.21)。食管鱗癌中STAT3、Vimentin在mRNA水平高表達及E-cadherin低表達,在浸潤深度、淋巴結轉移方面比較,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。檢測隨機4例食管鱗癌患者組織標本蛋白水平表達,癌組織中STAT3、Vimentin均比癌旁正常組織高(P<0.05),而癌組織中E-cadherin比癌旁正常組織低(P<0.05)。STAT3小干擾RNA轉染高表達STAT3的細胞株EC109后,STAT3表達在mRNA水平較對照組下調,E-cadherin表達較對照組相對上調;Vimentin表達較對照組相對下調,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05);在蛋白水平,轉染STAT3小干擾RNA組較對照雙鏈無義RNA組成功抑制STAT3蛋白表達(P<0.05),E-cadherin蛋白表達相對上調(P<0.05),Vimentin蛋白表達相對下調(P<0.05)。細胞劃痕結果顯示,轉染STAT3小干擾RNA組EC109的36、72 h遷移率均低于對照雙鏈無義RNA組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05);侵襲實驗結果顯示,轉染STAT3小干擾RNA組的EC109穿入小室膜底部的細胞總數較對照雙鏈無義RNA組減少,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05),下調STAT3表達后食管鱗癌細胞株EC109遷移、侵襲能力減弱。結論:STAT3可能通過調控E-cadherin、Vimentin影響食管鱗癌上皮間質轉化,從而影響腫瘤遷移與侵襲。

【關鍵詞】 食管鱗癌 STAT3 E-cadherin Vimentin 上皮間質轉化

[Abstract] Objective: To research the effect of STAT3, E-cadherin, Vimentin in the transformation of epithelial mesenchymal transition in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Method: RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of STAT3, E-cadherin and Vimentin in 50 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and corresponding normal tissues, and the relationship between the relative expression of STAT3, E-cadherin and Vimentin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and corresponding normal tissues was analyzed. A simple randomized method was used to chose 4 patients with esophageal squamous carcinoma and the expression of STAT3, E-cadherin and Vimentin were detected with Western blot method. The expression of STAT3, E-cadherin, and Vimentin in three esophageal squamous cancer cell lines were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot method. A strain expressing STAT3 was screened and transfected with STAT3 small interfering RNA. The control group was transfected with double stranded nonsense RNA. The cell migration and invasion test were detected in both group through the cell scratches experiment and the Transwell cell invasion experiment. Result: The relative expression levels of STAT3, E-cadherin and Vimentin in 50 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were (1.81±0.62), (0.68±0.23), (1.48±0.56) respectively; those in adjacent normal tissues were (0.54±0.23), (2.03±0.64), (0.61±0.21). At mRNA level, the expression of STAT3 and Vimentin were higher and that of E-cadherin was lower in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (P<0.05). During 4 cases were randomly selected, the expression of STAT3 and Vimentin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues were higher than that in adjacent normal tissues (P<0.05), while E-cadherin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues was lower than that in adjacent normal tissues (P<0.05). After transfection with STAT3 siRNA, the expression of STAT3 mRNA was down regulated, E-cadherin expression was up-regulated, Vimentin expression was down regulated, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). At the protein level, the expression of STAT3 protein was successfully inhibited in the STAT3 siRNA transfection group compared with the control double stranded nonsense RNA group (P<0.05), and E-cadherin expression was down regulated, the expression of herin protein was up-regulated (P<0.05), while the expression of Vimentin protein was down regulated (P<0.05). The results of cell scratch showed that 36, 72 h cells of EC109 transfected with STAT3 siRNA were significantly higher than those of the control double-stranded meaningless RNA group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The results of invasion test showed that the total number of EC109 cells penetrating into the bottom of ependyma in the STAT3 siRNA group was significantly lower than that in the control double stranded nonsense RNA group (P<0.05), and the migration and invasion ability of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line EC109 decreased after down regulating STAT3 expression. Conclusion: In esophageal squamous carcinoma, STAT3 may affect epithelial interstitial transformation phenotypes and thus affect tumor migration and invasion by mediating E-cadherin and Vimentin expression.

[Key words] Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma STAT3 E-cadherin Vimentin Epithelial-mesenchymal transition

First-authors address: Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan 442000, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.11.002

上皮間質轉化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是胚胎發育、組織重建和傷口修復中的基礎過程,同時也是腫瘤侵襲、轉移的重要機制之一[1]。STAT3作為STAT家族的重要成員之一,激活其可引起細胞異常增殖,與腫瘤的發展密切相關[2]。在高表達的腫瘤細胞中,STAT3與腫瘤惡性程度密切相關[3];并參與調控腫瘤細胞的生長、凋亡等多方面的過程[4]。本實驗旨在探討食管鱗癌細胞中EMT分子標志物E-cadherin和Vimentin在調控STAT3表達后的變化,來探討STAT3在食管鱗癌細胞EMT中的作用。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料 食管鱗癌細胞株KYSE70、KYSE140、EC109由十堰市人民醫院臨床醫學研究所提供。收集了十堰市人民醫院心胸外科手術治療的50例食管鱗癌患者的食管鱗癌和癌旁正常組織標本,儲存在-80 ℃冰箱備用。所有病例符合以下條件:(1)常規病理診斷均為食管鱗狀細胞癌;(2)每例均包括癌組織及相應的癌旁正常黏膜組織;(3)臨床資料完整;(4)術前未接受任何放療、化療及免疫抑制治療。STAT3小干擾RNA及其對照雙鏈無義RNA、PCR上下游引物,實時熒光定量聚合酶鏈反應試劑盒,STAT3、E-cadherin抗體、Vimentin抗體,Transwell實驗試劑盒,Matrigel基質蛋白膠。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 RNA或蛋白質提取及質檢 新鮮冰凍樣品采用液氮研磨法提取總RNA或總蛋白;用紫外分光光度計檢測RNA樣品的純度和濃度,BCA法測量總蛋白濃度。

1.2.2 實時熒光定量聚合酶鏈反應(RT-qPCR) 嚴格按照試劑盒說明操作,檢測組織或細胞中STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin表達水平,以2-ΔΔCt表示在mRNA水平相對表達量。以甘油醛-三磷酸脫氫酶(GAPDH)作為內參。STAT3引物序列,上游:F5-CAAGCAGTTTCTTCAGAGCA-3,下游:R5-CGTCACCACGGCTGCTGT-3;E-cadherin引物序列上游:5-GAACGCATTGCCACATACAC-3;下游5-GAATTCGGGCTGTTGTCAT-3;Vimentin引物序列:上游引物5-CGGGAGAAATTGCAGGAGGA-3,下游引5-AAGGTCAAGACGTGCCAGAG-3。

1.2.3 Western blot檢測 提取標本總蛋白,利用BCA法測定總蛋白濃度,定量取30 μg總蛋白,嚴格按照說明書行電泳、電轉、抗體孵育及ECL發光法顯影。利用微管蛋白(Tubulin)作為蛋白質標準化內參,利用Imagine J軟件進行蛋白質灰度分析。

1.2.4 干擾抑制STAT3表達細胞模型構建 將實驗用的食管鱗癌細胞株接種于6孔板中,采用Lipo2000脂質體轉染法將STAT3小干擾RNA片段及其對照雙鏈無義RNA片段轉染入不同孔細胞,培養24~48 h后行后續實驗。

1.2.5 細胞劃痕實驗 將細胞株接種于6孔板中,脂質體法轉染24 h后使鋪板密度達80%~90%,用10 μL槍頭垂直于6孔板底部直線劃痕,先后于0、36、72 h顯微鏡下拍照記錄細胞劃痕愈合情況,以劃痕愈合百分比表示細胞遷移情況。

1.2.6 細胞侵襲實驗 采用Transwell小室及Matrigel人工基質膠法行細胞侵襲實驗。每組設3個平行復孔,培養24 h后取出Transwell小室,棉簽擦拭小室內面基質膠,4%中性甲醛固定并0.1%結晶紫染色,顯微鏡下觀察照相。隨機選取5個視野進行細胞計數,算出平均值。

1.3 統計學處理 應用SPSS 13.0統計軟件分析,計量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗;計數資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗。以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。用GraphPad Prism制作統計圖。

2 結果

2.1 食管鱗癌組織及癌旁正常組織中STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin的表達 RT-qPCR檢測提取的50例食管鱗癌患者標本總RNA,結果顯示,在癌組織及癌旁正常組織中,STAT3分別表達為(1.81±0.62)、(0.54±0.23),E-cadherin分別表達為(0.68±0.23)、(2.03±0.64),Vimentin分別表達為(1.48±0.56)、(0.61±0.21),差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05),見圖1。Western blot檢測隨機抽取的4例食管患者癌組織(T,tumor)及癌旁正常組織(N,normal),結果顯示,癌組織中STAT3、Vimentin表達分別為(0.27±0.05)、(0.64±0.05),均高于癌旁正常組織(0.04±0.02)、(0.34±0.03)(P<0.05),而E-cadherin表達在癌組織為(0.26±0.06),明顯低于癌旁正常組織(0.57±0.08)(P<0.05)。見圖2。

圖2 食管鱗癌Western blot圖

2.2 食管鱗癌中STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin的表達與其臨床病理特征的關系 STAT3中癌組織和癌旁正常組織相對表達量比率>1和≤1例數分別為40例和10例,E-cadherin分別為6例和44例,Vimentin分別為38例和12例。食管鱗癌中STAT3、Vimentin在mRNA水平高表達及E-cadherin低表達,在浸潤深度、淋巴結轉移中比較,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05),見表1。

2.3 食管鱗癌中STAT3對E-cadherin、Vimentin表達的影響 三種食管鱗癌細胞株中,相對于GAPDH在mRNA水平表達,STAT3、Vimentin由高到低依次為EC109、KYSE140、KYSE70,分別為(3.48±0.28)、(2.12±0.57)、(0.98±0.34)和(3.02±0.32)、(1.84±0.55)、(0.91±0.26),差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05);E-cadherin由高到低依次為KYSE70、KYSE140、EC109,分別為(2.86±0.13)、(1.12±0.03)、(0.46±0.04),差異有統計學意義(P<0.05),見圖3。STAT3、Vimentin、E-cadherin各蛋白相對Tubulin在蛋白水平表達趨勢一致,STAT3、Vimentin由高到低依次為EC109、KYSE140、KYSE70,分別為(0.38±0.10)、(0.27±0.11)、(0.17±0.05)和(0.67±0.11)、(0.28±0.06)、(0.16±0.05),差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05);E-cadherin由高到低依次為KYSE70、KYSE140、EC109,分別為(0.21±0.11)、(0.15±0.06)、(0.09±0.03),差異有統計學意義(P<0.05),見圖4。

2.4 轉染STAT3小干擾組RNA對STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin表達的影響 選取EC109作為siRNA-STAT3實驗用細胞株,PCR結果顯示,轉染STAT3小干擾RNA組的表達(0.84±0.23),低于對照雙鏈無義RNA組(3.00±0.19)(P<0.05);而同時E-cadherin上調,轉染STAT3小干擾RNA組為(2.72±0.26),高于對照雙鏈無義RNA組(0.32±0.17)(P<0.05);Vimentin下調,轉染STAT3小干擾RNA組為(0.91±0.15),低于對照雙鏈無義RNA組的(2.81±0.27)(P<0.05),見圖5。Western blot結果顯示,轉染STAT3小干擾RNA組的表達(0.09±0.05),低于對照雙鏈無義RNA組(0.32±0.17)(P<0.05);而同時E-cadherin上調,轉染STAT3小干擾RNA組為(0.75±0.10),高于對照雙鏈無義RNA組的(0.15±0.04)(P<0.05);Vimentin下調,轉染STAT3小干擾RNA組為(0.18±0.05),低于對照雙鏈無義RNA組的(0.87±0.13)(P<0.05)。見圖6。

2.5 下調STAT3對食管鱗癌細胞株遷移、侵襲的影響 STAT3表達下調后,細胞劃痕實驗顯示,轉染STAT3小干擾RNA組EC109的36、72 h遷移率分別為(16.6±4.3)%、(42.3±4.3)%,均低于對照雙鏈無義RNA組的(55.3±4.2)%、(73.5±3.7)%,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05),見圖7;細胞Transwell侵襲實驗結果顯示,轉染STAT3小干擾RNA組的EC109穿入小室膜底部的細胞總數為(14.7±3.1)個,少于對照雙鏈無義RNA組的(61.7±6.5)個(P<0.05),差異有統計學意義(P<0.05),見圖8。

3 討論

生物胚胎發生過程中的EMT在許多惡性腫瘤的發生、進展中發揮重要作用[5],E-cadherin和Vimentin是作為EMT中重要的分子標志物,可特異性反應EMT的發生[6]。E-cadherin與Vimentin在上皮細胞間結合形成復合體可防止腫瘤細胞轉移和侵襲,而在惡性腫瘤細胞中EMT發生,允許細胞相互分離,從而提高了細胞的遷移能力[7-8];此外,腫瘤細胞經歷EMT可能獲得腫瘤干細胞特征[9],已經被認為與許多惡性腫瘤的萌生和發展有關,包括腫瘤的轉移、侵襲[10-11]。

STAT家族蛋白質SH2區域的酪氨酸殘基被JAK蛋白磷酸化后,STAT聚集形成同源或異源二聚體并發揮功能[12],提高細胞抗感染能力[2]。目前研究顯示,STAT3在調控食管鱗癌發展過程中起一定作用[13]。本研究通過RT-qPCR方法檢測食管鱗癌患者組織標本中,STAT3、E-cadherin與Vimentin的表達在癌組織浸潤深度、淋巴結轉移方面比較,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05);在患者性別、年齡、分化程度和TNM分期方面比較,差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05)。提示STAT3、E-cadherin與Vimentin表達可能與食管鱗癌發生、發展有關。再次證實STAT3在食管鱗癌中異常高表達,其相對表達水平與食管鱗癌浸潤深度和淋巴結轉移相關。這些結果提示了STAT3可能成為發現高危食管癌和預防復發的分子生物學標志之一。

腫瘤細胞增殖及侵襲與其發展、浸潤、復發、轉移等生物學行為及預后密切相關[14-15]。文獻[16-17]研究表明,包括STAT3在內的分子標志物是反映食管鱗癌細胞增殖水平的指標,STAT3信號通路的異常激活與腫瘤EMT及侵襲轉移密切相關。文獻[18-19]在肝癌細胞EMT過程中發現STAT3過表達可降低E-cadherin表達而增加Vimentin表達,相反,抑制STAT3表達可顯著增加E-cadherin表達而降低Vimentin表達[18-19]。本研究通過對食管鱗癌細胞株的研究結果表明,STAT3對食管鱗癌中Vimentin表達正性影響,E-cadherin表達負性影響,EC109細胞通過轉染法建立STAT3低表達食管鱗癌細胞株后,E-cadherin表達升高,而Vimentin表達下降,并且細胞遷移、侵襲能力下降。這表明在食管鱗癌細胞中,抑制STAT3表達可下調間質性標志物Vimentin表達而上調上皮性標志物E-cadherin表達,從而逆轉EMT過程,促進細胞形成復合體,降低食管鱗癌遷移侵襲能力。進一步明確了STAT3在食管鱗癌細胞EMT中的重要作用,當STAT3信號通路被多種因素激活后,不僅使食管鱗癌E-cadherin表達下降,促使細胞間黏附能力降低,而且促使Vimentin進入細胞質,激活EMT相關的信號途徑,進而提升了細胞的遷移和侵襲能力[20-22]。提示聯合檢測STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin可能有助于食管鱗癌的診斷、分級及預后。隨著細胞生物學和生物技術的不斷發展,筆者希望通過使患者體內維持在一個較低水平表達的STAT3,進而抑制或逆轉食管鱗癌細胞的EMT過程,改變食管鱗癌細胞的生物學特性,影響其侵襲遷移能力,從而降低食管鱗癌的復發率,提高患者的生存率。這為進一步深入研究STAT3在影響食管鱗癌患者預后方面,其在提高分子生物學治療等方面提供了一定依據。

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(收稿日期:2020-07-20) (本文編輯:張爽)

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