定語從句教學法略談

胡杏春

定語從句向來就是九年級語法教學中的難點,如何把復雜的語法轉化為淺顯的知識,讓學生一學就會,本文集合筆者的教學實踐,談一談自己的具體教法。

一、明確概念

定語從句是修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句、被修飾的名詞或代詞叫做定語從句的先行詞。我用a big table, a young boy, hard wall等短語中的big ,young, hard分別作為名詞table, boy, wall的定語,闡述定語是用來修飾或限制名詞或代詞的,將其去掉后短語同樣完整,加上它卻能增加表達效果,使之大增色彩。同樣,將定語從句去掉,主句依然完整。當學生明白定語從句相當于形容詞做定語后,即可進行如下練習:

將下面小題的兩個簡單句合并成一個復合句,并使句意保持不變:Mary likes the music.The music is quiet and gentle.

首先,讓學生找出兩個簡單句中相同的詞或短語,它就是先行詞。顯然,本句的先行詞就是the music.其次,找出主句Mary likes the music.第三,加上中心詞the music的定語,該句就合并成Mary likes the music that/which is quiet and gentle.最后,教會學生檢驗正誤。當我們把從句that/which is quiet and gentle.刪去后,句子即為Mary likes the music.正好與主句完全一致,從而可知該句Mary likes the music that/which is quiet and gentle.是正確的。

二、順水推舟

學生此刻會問:“當我們找到先行詞后,怎么選擇定語從句的連詞?”教師便抓住學生的迫切需要,做出如下歸納:

1、當先行詞是人時,連詞用who(做從句的主語)、whom(做從句的賓語);當先行詞是人時,也可用that(做從句的主語或賓語);例如:

〔1〕She is the woman who/that teaches us English.﹝做從句的主語﹞〔2〕This is the boy whom/that we talked to just now.﹝做從句的賓語﹞

注:當連詞做從句的賓語時可以省略。

2、當先行詞是物時,連詞用that 或which(均可做從句的主語或賓語);例如:

〔1〕Its a book that/which introduces China in detail.﹝做從句的主語﹞〔2〕This is the dog that/which we wanted to find yesterday.﹝做從句的賓語﹞

注:當連詞做從句的賓語時可以省略。

3、當先行詞表示所屬關系時,不管他是人還是物,連詞都用whose﹙做從句的定語﹚;例如:

〔1〕This is the house whose windows face to south.﹝做從句的定語,先行詞是物﹞〔2〕He is the boy whose mother is a bus driver.﹝做從句的定語,先行詞是人﹞

4、當先行詞表示時間時,連詞用when﹙做從句的時間狀語﹚;當先行詞表示地點時,連詞用where﹙做從句的地點狀語﹚;當先行詞表示原因時,連詞用why﹙做從句的原因狀語﹚;當先行詞表示比較時,連詞用as﹙做從句的比較狀語﹚例如:

〔1〕I will never forget the day when we first met in a park.﹝做從句的時間狀語﹞〔2〕My favorite city is Beijing where I can visit the Great Wall.﹝做從句的地點狀語﹞〔3〕This is the reason why you should leave.﹝做從句的原因狀語﹞

三、乘勝追擊

講到此處,學生最急于想知道的就是怎樣區別連詞that,which,who的用法,于是,我就介紹它們的用法區別如下:

1、只用that的情況:

﹙1﹚Is there anything that I can do for you?﹝當先行詞是不定代詞或被不定代詞all,much,everything,none,other,the other等修飾時,連詞只能用that﹞

﹙2﹚The only thing that I want to do is to have a rest.﹝當先行詞被only,very,just,last,one of ,no,little,few,any等詞修飾時連詞只能用that﹞

﹙3﹚He was the first person that passed the exam.(當先行詞被序數詞first,second等修飾時連詞只能用that)

2、只用which的情況:

(1)This the house of which the windows face south.﹝當先行詞指物時,which能與介詞連用而that不能﹞

(2)Tom came back, which made us happy.(which引導非限定性定語從句指事/物而that不能)

(3)Whats that which was put in the car?

﹝當先行詞是that/those時連詞只能用which而不能用that﹞

﹙4﹚Let me show you the novel that I borrow from the library which was newly open to us.

﹝當前一個連詞用that,后一個連詞只能用which,避免重復﹞

3、只能用who的情況:

(1)Anyone who does that must be mad.

﹝當先行詞是指人的不定代詞時,連詞只能用who﹞

(2)There is a young man who wants to see you.

(There be句型中先行詞指人時,連詞只能用who﹞

(3)I met a friend of mine in the park yesterday who had got three gold medals in the Asian Games.﹝當先行詞指人且其后有較長修飾語時,連詞只能用who)

在講完這一切過后,同學們就會豁然開朗,再加點鞏固練習題,要讓學生掌握定語從句,應當不是什么難事了。我就是這樣一步步地把定語從句教給學生的。