?

語法學習規律探尋

2021-04-19 10:30張晗
閱讀與作文(英語高中版) 2021年3期
關鍵詞:同位語動名詞謂語

張晗

對于中國學生來說,英語最難學的莫過于語法知識。英語語法條目繁多難記而且枯燥無味。同學們常有這樣的感覺:語法條目記了不少,很容易混淆,更不能靈活應用。這怎么辦?

這好辦。學語法,找規律,做個有心人;變復雜為簡單,巧記固定搭配。下面就部分語法知識進行歸納。

“非謂語動詞”可分為動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞。它在句子中的作用很多:除了不作謂語外,它可以充當主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語與復合賓語(主語補語或賓語補語)。有些及物動詞后面接不帶to的不定式作復合賓語。這些動詞歸納如下:

一感(feel),二聽(hear, listen to),三讓(have,let, make),四看(see,watch,notice,observe)。再加上help somebody (to) do something和look at somebody do something。還有“二讓”屬特殊:get somebody to do something 與 keep somebody doing something。

而有些及物動詞后面接動名詞作賓語。這些動詞歸納為一句話:

Papa C makes friends。這是由如下動詞的開頭字母組成:permit, advise, practise, avoid, consider, mind, allow, keep, enjoy, suggest, finish, risk, imagine, escape, need, delay, stand(忍受)。

為了容易記住,也可以編成順口溜:

“允許完成練習,建議避免冒險,考慮延期逃跑,喜歡保持想象,需要反對忍受”。

其相對應的動詞依次是:

permit/allow, finish, practise; advise/suggest, avoid,risk; consider, delay, escape/miss; enjoy/appreciate, keep, imagine; need/want/require, mind/object to, can? cant help, cant stand/bear/put up with。

1. 學生最容易混淆的是定語從句與同位語從句。例如:

The news that our team has won the match is true. (同位語從句)

The news that he told us surprised everybody here. (定語從句)

關鍵的區別在于連接或關系代詞that:有意義的是定語從句, 無意義的是同位語從句。因為引導定語從句的that在從句中作主語或賓語,而引導同位語從句的that只起到連接詞的作用。

2. 接著容易混淆的是引導定語從句的關系代詞that與 which:that之前是不定(代詞)、序數(詞)、(形容詞)最高級:which之前是介詞短語與逗號(非限制性)。例如:

All that we have to do is to practise every day.

The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.

I have lost my pen,which I like very much.

The house in front of which there is a garden is my home.

1. it除了代替人和物以外,還可以作形式主語。而真正的主語(不定式、動名詞或從句)則放于謂語或表語之后。例如:

It is not easy to finish the work in two days.

然而有少數表語之后接動名詞作真正的主語。這些表語是:無助(no help)、無用(no use)、沒好處(no good);工作(hard work)、費時(a waste of time)、危險(a danger)。例如:

It is no use crying over spilt milk.

It is a waste of time waiting for him.

2. it還可以作形式賓語。通常下列動詞后面可接it作形式賓語。例如:

He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.

I think it no use arguing with him.

3. it用于強調句式。要強調句子的某一部分(主語、賓語、 狀語),可以把it當作先行詞。這種句子的結構是:It is(was)+ 被強調部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分。例如:

It is Professor Lin who teaches us English.(強調主語)

It was in Shanghai that I saw the film.(強調狀語)

It was in 1990 that I worked in the factory.(同上)

但要注意與定語從句的區別。例如:

It was 1990 when I worked in the factory.(定語從句)

我們去掉強調結構It is (was) …that,句子意義很完整。它就是強調句。反之,就是定語從句。 如去掉強調結構后,例句“I worked in the factory in 1990”是正確句子。而例句“when I worked in the factory 1990”是病句。

學生容易混淆的是全部倒裝與部分倒裝。如何區分之,編個順口溜:副(adv.)介(prep.)提前全倒裝,其他句式部分倒;否定提前倒助動,讓步狀語倒表語;復合句式倒主句,不倒裝的屬特殊。

下面舉例說明:

Here comes the bus.(副詞提前,全倒裝)

Here he comes.(代詞作主語,不倒裝)

In front of the house lies a garden.(介詞短語提前,全倒裝)

Never shall I do this again.(否定詞提前,部分倒裝)

Young as he is, he knows a lot.(讓步狀語從句,表語倒裝)

Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.(only 修飾狀語,主句倒裝)

Only he can save the patient.(only修飾主語,不倒裝)

Not only will help be given to people, but also medical treatment will be provided.(否定詞提前,部分倒裝)

Not only he but also we like sports.(連接兩個主語,不倒裝)

虛擬語氣也是一個難點。所謂虛擬語氣是表示說話人的愿望、假設、猜測或建議,而不表示客觀存在的事實。它通過句子的謂語動詞的特殊形式來表示?,F歸納如下:

純假設,用虛擬,動詞時態退一級:條件句,分主從,主句謂語前加would (should, could,might);表愿望, 用虛擬,wish后面接賓語(從句):現在過去與將來,動詞時態退一級;提建議,用虛擬,賓語(從句)動詞用(should)do:倆建議,三要求,再加堅持與命令(suggest, advise, demand, require, request, insist, order);It is time和would rather,后接從句用虛擬;部分主語從句中, 謂語用虛擬結構 (It is necessary/important/natural/strange/that … should do)。

下面舉例說明:

If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. (條件句虛擬)

Without air, there would be no living things.(同上)

We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.(表示愿望虛擬)

He demanded that we (should) start right away. (表示建議虛擬)

It is(high/about) time that we left (should leave)now. (特殊從句虛擬)

I would rather you gave me the book. (同上)

It is necessary that we should clean the room everyday. (主語從句虛擬)

He speaks English so fluently as if he were English. (特殊從句虛擬)

總之,語法是從語言實踐中總結出來的規則,要邊學邊尋找規律,以提高學習效率。在學習中不能只記一些語法規則,要多進行實踐練習。通過練習,可以發現和糾正錯誤,而且有利于鞏固所學知識。

猜你喜歡
同位語動名詞謂語
同位語從句講與練
短句—副詞+謂語
初中英語動名詞的用法
非謂語動詞
英語中“動詞+ing”的語法功能
神奇的V-ing
非謂語動詞用法大比拼
91香蕉高清国产线观看免费-97夜夜澡人人爽人人喊a-99久久久无码国产精品9-国产亚洲日韩欧美综合