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椎動脈夾層致蛛網膜下腔出血的危險因素分析

2022-06-12 14:27孫潔連亞軍陳媛
中國現代醫生 2022年15期
關鍵詞:蛛網膜下腔出血臨床特征危險因素

孫潔 連亞軍 陳媛

[摘要] 目的 探討椎動脈夾層致蛛網膜下腔出血(SAH)的危險因素。方法? 前瞻性收集2011年8月至2019年12月鄭州大學第一附屬醫院診治的椎動脈夾層患者的臨床資料。根據是否發生SAH分為SAH組(n=28)和non-SAH組(n=77),對比分析兩組患者的人口學資料、既往史、入院后首次實驗室指標等差異。采用多因素logistic回歸分析椎動脈夾層患者SAH的相關危險因素。結果? 共納入105例椎動脈夾層患者,其中28例(26.7%)患者發生SAH[23例(82.1%)影像學上表現為夾層動脈瘤]。SAH組首發頭痛、總膽固醇水平、中性粒細胞計數、D-二聚體水平均高于non-SAH組,LDL<1.8 mmol/L、尿酸水平均低于non-SAH組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回歸分析顯示,中性粒細胞計數高和低尿酸水平是椎動脈夾層患者SAH的危險因素。結論? 椎動脈夾層患者影像學上常表現為夾層動脈瘤,多于頭痛后出現SAH,中性粒細胞計數高、低尿酸水平是椎動脈夾層SAH的相關危險因素。

[關鍵詞] 椎動脈夾層;臨床特征;蛛網膜下腔出血;危險因素

[中圖分類號] R743.35? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2022)15-0012-04

Analysis on risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients with vertebral artery dissection

SUN Jie LIAN Yajun CHEN Yuan

Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in patients with vertebral artery dissection (VAD). Methods The clinical data of patients with VAD treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from August 2011 to December 2019 were prospectively collected. These patients were divided into the SAH group (n=28) and the non-SAH group (n=77) based on the presence or absence of SAH, and the differences in demographic data, previous medical history, and laboratory indexes at the first examination upon admission were analyzed and compared between the two groups. The risk factors associated with SAH in patients with VAD were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Results A total of 105 patients with VAD were included, among whom 28 (26.7%) patients developed SAH and 23 (82.1%) patients showed dissection aneurysm on imaging. The degree of severity of the first symptom-headache, total cholesterol level, neutrophil count, and D-dimer level was higher in the SAH group than that in the non-SAH group, and the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (<1.8 mmol/L) and uric acid in the SAH group were lower than those in the non-SAH group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that high neutrophil count and low uric acid level were risk factors for SAH in patients with VAD. Conclusion Patients with VAD often show a dissection aneurysm on imaging and mostly develop SAH following headache, and high neutrophil count and low uric acid level are risk factors associated with SAH in patients with VAD.7CEC5C62-5815-494D-9E31-8D6FFC5082D0

[Key words] Vertebral artery dissection; Clinical features; Subarachnoid hemorrhage; Risk factors

頭頸動脈夾層(cervicocerebral artery dissection,CAD)是由于內膜撕裂或血管破裂引起的動脈壁直接出血所致,其臨床癥狀表現為頭頸部疼痛、缺血性腦卒中、SAH、Horner綜合征[1-2]。自發性椎動脈夾層(vertebral artery dissection,VAD)發病率約為1/100 000人/年[3]。與頸內動脈夾層相比,VAD更易出現SAH[4]。早期抗凝或抗血小板治療對CAD是重要的,可減少中風、死亡和心血管事件的發生率[5],但合并SAH的患者要慎重考慮。因此早期識別VAD致SAH的高?;颊呤侵陵P重要的,可早期評估預后與指導治療。本研究探究VAD致SAH的相關危險因素,現報道如下。

1 對象與方法

1.1 研究對象

收集2011年8月至2019年12月鄭州大學第一附屬醫院診治的VAD患者127例,所有患者均行數字減影血管造影(DSA)和(或)計算機斷層掃描血管造影(CTA)、磁共振血管造影(MRA)完成診斷。納入標準[6]:①影像學上符合CAD的典型征象,如雙腔征、內膜瓣、壁內血腫、線樣征、夾層動脈瘤等;②動脈夾層部位累及椎動脈;③入院時頭部CT或MRI證實SAH。排除標準:①合并腦梗死者;②同時累及前循環夾層者;③臨床資料不完整者。最終納入患者105例。本研究已通過鄭州大學第一附屬醫院醫學倫理委員會審批。

1.2 方法

根據首次入院時的影像學表現,將VAD患者分為蛛網膜下腔出血(SAH)組和非蛛網膜下腔出血(non-SAH)組。比較兩組患者的臨床資料,包括高血壓、糖尿病、吸煙/飲酒史、高膽固醇血癥、既往頭痛史、近期感染和輕度頭頸部創傷史等,低密度脂蛋白(LDL)以缺血性腦血管病患者二級預防標準1.8 mmol/L為界,分為LDL<1.80 mmol/L和LDL≥1.80 mmol/L。近期感染史:發病前1個月內發生的感染。低尿酸水平和低肌酐水平定義為低于正常參考范圍下限值。

1.3 統計學方法

使用SPSS 26.0統計學軟件進行數據分析,符合正態分布的計量資料以均數±標準差(x±s)表示,偏態分布的計量資料以中位數(四分位數間距)[M(P25,P75)]表示,計數資料以[n(%)]表示。計量資料組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U Test檢驗,計數資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗或Fisher′s exact檢驗,將上述P<0.1的變量共同納入多因素logistic回歸分析,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。

2 結果

2.1 一般資料

共納入VAD患者105例,28例(26.7%)患者發生SAH,其中3例(10.7%)涉及雙側椎動脈。SAH組(n=28)男19例,女9例,年齡40~79歲,平均(51.75±1.55)歲;non-SAH組(n=77)男57例,女20例,年齡10~73歲,平均(48.40±1.58)歲。SAH組首發頭痛比例高于non-SAH組,差異有統計學意義(χ2=12.727,P<0.001);兩組間其他指標比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。見表1。28例SAH患者影像學特征見表2,其中4例(14.3%)復發,1例(3.6%)死亡。

2.2 兩組的實驗室指標及影像學比較

單因素分析結果顯示,SAH組的總膽固醇水平、D-二聚體水平、中性粒細胞計數均高于non-SAH組,LDL、尿酸水平均低于non-SAH組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05),兩組間其他指標比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。見表3。

2.3 VAD致SAH的多因素分析

將表1、3中組間比較P<0.1的變量納入多因素logistic回歸分析,結果顯示,中性粒細胞計數高和低尿酸水平是椎動脈夾層患者SAH的危險因素。見表4。

3 討論

一項日本的研究報道腦動脈夾層中SAH多發生于椎動脈夾層[7]。本研究105例VAD患者中,28例(26.7%)合并SAH,其中3例累及雙側椎動脈,均繼發SAH。Takahara等[8]發現雙側椎動脈夾層患者易出現缺血性卒中,與本研究相反,可能是由于本研究3例患者影像學上均表現為顱內夾層動脈瘤。

頭頸部疼痛是顱內動脈夾層患者的預警癥狀,隨后出現SAH和缺血性卒中[9]。本研究中60例(57.1%)VAD患者以頭痛為首發癥狀,40%隨后發生SAH。頭頸部疼痛可能由血管壁直接撕裂引起,血管擴張刺激周圍感覺神經纖維也可能是疼痛的直接原因[10]。

少數研究表明吸煙、優勢側椎動脈夾層、累及小腦后下動脈、VUBA>45°、珠線征是顱內夾層SAH的高危因素[11-12],但關于椎動脈夾層破裂的研究較少,相關風險因素尚不明確。本研究表明SAH組患者D-二聚體水平、LDL≥1.8 mmol/L、總膽固醇水平較non-SAH組高。D-二聚體水平升高往往表明人體內纖溶活性增強,對SAH預后不良有預測價值[13]。另外,有文獻報道血漿D-二聚體水平高與未來腦出血風險增加相關,在抽血距腦出血時間最短的人群中更明顯[14]。既往一項研究發現膽固醇水平與頸動脈夾層呈負相關[15]。而一項研究發現血清膽固醇可通過加劇炎癥反應促進中膜退行性改變和顱內動脈瘤的進展[16]。本研究提示高膽固醇血癥和高脂血癥可能促進顱內夾層動脈瘤破裂。因此可推測膽固醇在夾層形成和破裂中的機制可能是不同的。

Forster等[17]發現與創傷性頸動脈夾層患者相比,自發性頸動脈夾層患者白細胞計數和CRP升高,提示炎癥在自發性頸動脈夾層中發揮作用。另外,一項前瞻性大型隊列研究發現基線期白細胞計數高與SAH發生率增加有關,表明炎癥反應可能先于SAH[18]。一項大鼠的顱內動脈瘤破裂模型中,發現中性粒細胞可通過血管滋養血管聚集并加劇動脈瘤破裂部位的炎癥反應,產生破壞組織的蛋白酶使動脈壁退行性改變導致顱內動脈瘤破裂[19]。本研究也發現中性粒細胞計數高可能與VAD患者SAH相關。因此推測炎癥反應可能是椎動脈夾層動脈瘤破裂機制之一。研究表明,尿酸(UA)是一種重要的內源性抗氧化劑,通過清除自由基、抑制炎癥級聯反應、降低血腦屏障通透性等機制對神經起保護作用[20-21]。Song等[22]發現尿酸水平降低可增加缺血性卒中出血轉化的風險,間接反映尿酸的神經保護作用。最近,Xiao等[23]發現低尿酸水平可通過上調Erk1/2-MMP軸的活性,增強彈性蛋白、膠原降解,從而破壞平滑肌-彈性蛋白收縮單位的完整性導致血管破裂。而且上述血管破裂可以被生理濃度的尿酸水平和p-Erk1/2特異性抑制劑部分抑制。這或許可以解釋尿酸水平低的VAD患者SAH的風險較高的原因。本研究中19例患者尿酸水平降低,其中13例發生SAH,可證實既往研究結果。7CEC5C62-5815-494D-9E31-8D6FFC5082D0

綜上所述,VAD患者多以頭痛為首發癥狀,當中性粒細胞計數高及尿酸水平降低時要警惕SAH的風險,及時給予介入干預。

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(收稿日期:2021-11-01)7CEC5C62-5815-494D-9E31-8D6FFC5082D0

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