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尿蛋白與肌酐比值在妊娠期高血壓疾病中應用價值

2023-04-08 10:59陳響詹瑛盧彩霞鄭富民劉世國
青島大學學報(醫學版) 2023年6期
關鍵詞:診斷高血壓

陳響 詹瑛 盧彩霞 鄭富民 劉世國

[摘要] 目的

分析妊娠期高血壓疾?。℉DP)孕婦微量尿蛋白/肌酐比值(ACR)與各臨床指標的相關性,探討其對HDP腎功能損害評估的臨床意義。

方法 選取2018年5月—2019年10月在青島大學附屬醫院產科規律產檢的不同類型HDP孕婦共225例,其中妊娠期高血壓55例,子癇前期89例,子癇4例,慢性高血壓40例,慢性高血壓并發子癇前期37例,隨機選取同期在我院產檢的正常單胎孕婦60例作為對照組。全部研究對象檢查ACR、血常規、血凝常規、尿常規、肝腎功能、血脂等生化指標,尿蛋白異常者進行24 h尿蛋白定量檢測。

結果

ACR與24 h尿蛋白定量呈高度線性相關(r=0.800,P<0.05);ACR與舒張壓(DBP)、尿酸(UA)、尿素(UREA)、乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)呈顯著正相關(r=0.484~0.574,P<0.05),與清蛋白(ALB)呈顯著負相關(r=-0.579,P<0.05)。UA、ACR聯合診斷HDP孕婦腎損傷的受試者工作特征曲線曲線下面積為0.996,截斷值為0.881,特異度為0.951,靈敏度為0.929。

結論 ACR與DBP、UA、UREA、LDH升高和ALB降低相關;ACR與24 h尿蛋白定量呈高度線性相關,在HDP診斷方面有更準確便捷的評估價值;UA、ACR隨HDP病情嚴重程度的增加而增高,二者聯合檢測對評估HDP孕婦腎損傷有臨床應用價值。

[關鍵詞] 高血壓,妊娠性;白蛋白尿;肌酸酐;尿分析;診斷

[中圖分類號] R714.25

[文獻標志碼] A

[文章編號] 2096-5532(2023)06-0845-05

doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2023.59.191

[網絡出版] https://link.cnki.net/urlid/37.1517.R.20231229.1010.005;2024-01-02 10:48:28

APPLICATION VALUE OF URINE ALBUMIN-TO-CREATININE RATIO IN HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY

CHEN Xiang, ZHAN Ying, LU Caixia, ZHENG Fumin, LIU Shiguo

(Department of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China)

; [ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the correlation between the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and clinical parameters in patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), and to explore the clinical significance of ACR in assessing impairment in renal function.

MethodsWe included a total of 225 pregnant women with different types of HDP who received regular prenatal examinations at The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from May 2018 to October 2019, including 55 with gestational hypertension, 89 with preeclampsia, 4 with eclampsia, 40 with chronic hypertension, and 37 with chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia. A total of 60 normal pregnant women with a single fetus examined at the same hospital during the same period were randomly selected as the control group. All the subjects had ACR, routine blood, routine coagulation, routine urine, liver and kidney function, and blood lipid tests. Patients with abnormal urine protein levels received 24 h urine protein mea-

surement.

ResultsACR was highly linearly correlated with 24 h urine protein level (r=0.800,P<0.05), positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure, uric acid, UREA, and lactate dehydrogenase (r=0.484-0.574,P<0.05), and negatively correlated with albumin (r=-0.579,P<0.05). For ACR plus uric acid diagnosing renal impairment in pregnant women with HDP, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.996, the cut-off value was 0.881, the specificity was 0.951, and the sensiti-

vity was 0.929.

ConclusionACR is associated with increased diastolic blood pressure, uric acid, UREA, and lactate dehydrogenase levels and decreased albumin levels. The highly linear correlation between ACR and 24 h urine protein level indicates that ACR is an accurate and convenient indicator for the diagnosis of HDP. ACR and uric acid levels increase with the severity of HDP, and their combination has clinical value in evaluating renal injury in pregnant women with HDP.

[KEY WORDS]hypertension, pregnancy-induced; albuminuria; creatinine; urinalysis; diagnosis

妊娠期高血壓疾?。℉DP),尤其是子癇前期,病情可能迅速惡化。因此,尋找一種早期評估子癇前期的臨床指標至關重要。與連續采集24 h尿液相比,隨機收集單次尿液檢測其微量尿蛋白/肌酐比值(ACR)更為簡便,有助于HDP的早發現、早診斷和及時治療[1-5]。本研究通過比較正常孕婦與不同類型HDP孕婦之間ACR、血常規及生化指標檢測結果的差異,分析不同類型HDP ACR與24 h尿蛋白定量及相關輔助檢查參數的相關性,評價ACR在HDP中的應用價值?,F將結果報告如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 研究對象

選取2018年5月—2019年10月在青島大學附屬醫院規律產檢的不同類型HDP孕婦共225例。入選孕婦均符合第9版《婦產科學》HDP的診斷標準,已存在腎臟疾病、肝腎功能不全、妊娠前糖尿病、風濕免疫性疾病的孕婦被排除在外[6]。本研究的225例HDP孕婦中妊娠期高血壓(B組)55例,子癇前期(C組)89例,子癇(D組)4例,慢性高血壓(E組)40例,慢性高血壓并發子癇前期(F組)37例。隨機選取同期在我院產檢的正常單胎孕婦60例作為對照組(A組)。所有入選孕婦對此次研究知情同意。

1.2 研究方法

1.2.1 尿液采集 留取尿液前詳細告訴孕婦樣本的采集方法以及注意事項。所有受檢者均隨機留取5 mL中段尿送實驗室離心,取上清液采用全自動生化分析儀檢測尿微量清蛋白和尿肌酐水平,計算ACR。我院ACR正常參考值范圍為(0~37)×10-3。所有尿蛋白陽性者均檢測24 h尿蛋白定量。

1.2.2 血常規及生化指標的測定 清晨采集肘靜脈血,測定血紅蛋白(Hb)、血小板(PLT)、空腹血糖(FBG)、清蛋白(ALB)、乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)、谷丙轉氨酶(ALT)、谷草轉氨酶(AST)、肌酐(Cr)、尿素(UREA)、尿酸(UA)、總膽固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)等。

1.3 統計學方法

使用R語言軟件對所得數據進行統計分析。符合正態分布的計量資料以±s表示,多組比較采用單因素方差分析,進一步的組間兩兩比較采用LSD檢驗;不符合正態分布的計量資料以P50(P25,P75)表示;兩變量之間相關性檢驗采用Pearson相關性分析;以受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線評價多個指標聯合的診斷價值。以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。

2 結? 果

2.1 各組孕婦ACR比較

正常孕婦與不同類型HDP孕婦的ACR不符

合正態分布,采用BOC-COX方法將ACR變換為logACR后數據符合正態分布,再行方差分析。結果顯示,與A組相比,C、D、F組logACR均顯著增高(F=132.10,P<0.05),但B、E組與A組間差異無顯著性(P>0.05)。見表1。

2.2 各組孕婦血常規和生化指標的比較

與A組相比較,C、D、F組孕婦的LDH、ALT、AST、Cr、UREA、UA、TC顯著增高,PLT、ALB顯著降低,差異有統計學意義(F=5.71~15.84,P<0.05);而Hb、FBG、TG的差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05)。見表2。

2.3 ACR與24 h尿蛋白定量的相關性分析

兩變量之間的相關分析采用最小二乘法擬合回歸直線,用Pearson相關系數表示其相關程度。相關分析顯示,ACR與24 h尿蛋白定量呈高度線性相關(r=0.800,P<0.05)。

2.4 ACR與臨床資料各指標的多元線性回歸分析

ACR變換為logACR后數據符合正態分布,以logACR為因變量,將單因素方差分析中有統計學意義的臨床資料各指標作為自變量,進行相關性分析和多元線性逐步回歸分析。相關性分析結果顯示,ACR與DBP、UA、UREA、LDH呈顯著正相關(r=0.484~0.574,P<0.05),與ALB呈顯著負相關(r=-0.579,P<0.05),與體質量指數(BMI)、收縮壓(SBP)、PLT、ALT、AST、Cr、TC無相關性(r=-0.277~0.438,P>0.05)。多元線性逐步回歸分析結果見表3。

2.5 ACR聯合UA對HDP孕婦腎損傷診斷價值

以24 h尿蛋白定量0.3 g為診斷腎損傷的界點,腎損傷病人共計130例,占總樣本數的45.6%。分別以UA、ACR及二者聯合預測值為檢驗變量繪制ROC曲線。由ROC曲線得出UA、ACR單獨及聯合診斷HDP孕婦腎損傷的曲線下面積(AUC)、截斷值、特異度和靈敏度。結果顯示,UA、ACR單獨診斷HDP孕婦腎損傷的AUC均>0.80,而二者聯合檢測的AUC為0.996,優于單獨檢測。二者聯合檢測的靈敏度和特異度優于UA而低于ACR單獨檢測。見圖1、表4。

3 討? 論

尿微量ALB被認為是腎臟血管內皮功能損傷的一種標志[6-8],與高血壓、糖尿病、腎臟疾病等疾病相關,被認為是高血壓病人腎臟功能預后的一個參數[9-11]。在正常妊娠期間,腎臟會發生重要的解剖和生理適應性變化,在妊娠中起著關鍵的作用,是HDP最易損害的器官[12-13]。研究發現,子癇前期腎小球病變的主要特征是內皮增生和足細胞病變。內皮細胞增生與蛋白尿的發生發展密切相關[14-17]。過去,24 h尿蛋白定量一直是診斷子癇前期的傳統金標準,但現在越來越多的研究傾向于用ACR來代替24 h尿蛋白定量[18-20]。ACR是一種快速而簡單的替代尿蛋白定量的檢測與評價方法,該指標是通過將單一尿液樣本中的蛋白濃度除以Cr濃度得到的[21-23]。

KAMINSKA等[10]通過回顧性分析不同疾病的ACR來評價其在腎臟疾病、高血壓、妊娠期高血壓、子癇前期、糖尿病、免疫性疾病等病程中診斷蛋白尿的有效性,結果顯示,ACR與24 h尿蛋白濃度呈高度正相關,不同類型HDP孕婦與正常孕婦的ACR差異有顯著性,提示ACR檢測是一種快速而可靠的方法,可以消除每天24 h收集尿液的需要。SACHAN等[24]通過評價ACR在診斷子癇前期和子癇孕婦中的準確性,探討ACR與胎兒預后關系,結果顯示,對照組ACR均值明顯低于患病組。本研究結果顯示,子癇前期組、子癇組、慢性高血壓并發子癇前期組的HDP孕婦ACR均顯著高于正常組;相關分析也顯示,ACR與24 h尿蛋白定量呈顯著正相關,隨著病情的加重,ACR和24 h尿蛋白定量也隨之增加。因此,ACR有望取代24 h尿蛋白定量來評價HDP的嚴重程度,值得在產科領域進一步研究和推廣。

UA是氧化應激、組織損傷和腎功能障礙的標志物[25-27],UA升高也是子癇前期孕婦的常見臨床表現。雖然UA不在子癇前期的診斷標準中,但有研究表明,UA升高與子癇前期相關[28-30]。子癇前期病人UA水平升高是由于腎小球濾過率下降導致UA清除率下降所致[31-32]。幾項研究評估了UA在預測HDP嚴重程度方面的價值[33-34],KHALIQ等[35]也回顧性分析了UA在子癇前期中的作用,上述研究結果均顯示,血清UA水平隨著子癇前期程度的加重而升高。然而,迄今為止,許多研究結果是相互矛盾的。

UA與ACR都是HDP腎損害的指標。HDP引起的腎小球損失會導致腎臟功能障礙,與健康孕婦相比,腎小球濾過率和腎血漿流量降低導致血清中UA、UREA等代謝產物無法通過尿液排出[36]。本研究結果顯示,子癇前期及子癇孕婦血清UA、ACR顯著高于正常孕婦,且隨病情嚴重程度的增加而升高。提示UA和ACR都是腎臟損傷的重要生物標志物[37]。本文分別以UA、ACR及其聯合預測值為檢驗變量繪制ROC曲線進行分析,結果顯示,二者聯合使用時診斷的靈敏度、特異度高于UA單獨使用。因此,聯合檢測UA和ACR可提高診斷HDP腎損傷的AUC和截斷值,有利于HDP孕婦早期腎損害的診斷。

綜上所述,ACR與24 h尿蛋白定量高度相關,可以消除每天24 h采尿的復雜性和局限性,聯合檢測UA和ACR水平對診斷HDP孕婦早期腎損害有臨床價值。但本研究選取病例數相對較少,并且影響血常規和生化指標的因素較多,因此,ACR與血常規、生化指標參數的確切關系以及我國尿蛋白對應的ACR確切診斷數值,還需要今后多中心、大樣本隨機對照研究的驗證,以指導不同類型HDP的臨床診斷和治療。

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(本文編輯 牛兆山)

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